Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
Randall Stevens. I conjured him out of thin air. he doesn’t exist, except on paper. 变魔术般地创造出
New words and expression 生词和短语
Pioneer n.先驱vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者
a pioneer of/in sth …的创始人
Young pioneer 少先队员 A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者the ~ of the Women’s Liberation Movement. 动词句：Professor Alec Jeffreys, who invented and pioneered DNA tests
Advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育
eer结尾的表示人的
volunteer engineer mountaineer 登山者
lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵（主；上帝；领主;）
（主；上帝；领主;）oh dear!==oh lord!天呢lord bless me! lord have mercy! lord knows!天知道lord of war 战争之王== warlord 军阀（清末民前）
lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的
lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份
lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地
duke n.公爵(duchess)
marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）(marchioness)
earl n.<；英>伯爵（Countess）（count 法国）
viscount n.(英国的)子爵（viscountess）
baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为：baroness）加速器怎么上外网
皇后-皇贵妃-贵妃-妃子-嫔-贵人-常在-答应（月银不同、下人数量不同，“旗头”装饰不同）
（封建的等级制度，祭祀，车马，穿着，甚至喝酒的器皿）
Calais n.加来（法国港市）['kæleɪ]
Normandie 诺曼底
Overland adj.陆上的；横跨大陆的
Overnight n.头天晚上adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行/ an overnight guest 过夜的客人
overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的
overa s adv.海外adj.外国的, 海外的
over+动词（over表示超过）
overeat vt.使吃过量vi.吃得过多
oversleep vt.(使)睡过头vi.睡过头, 睡得太久
overwork n.过度工作v.(使)工作过度
overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
overestimate vt.评价过高n.估计的过高
补充个单词aviation 航空；飞行术，航空学；飞机制造业;[集合词]飞机
aviator n.<；旧>飞机驾驶员aviate v 驾驶飞机，乘坐飞机
pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员engine n.发动机（引擎）；机车, 火车头
Calais 加来（法国北部港市）
Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的；最新的, 最近的n.最新消息, 最新式样
Last vi. 持续, 支持, 维持Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）
Text 课文
What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
offer sth to sb==offer sb sth 主动的提供另与charge相反，出价报价offer money for sth
provide sb with sth==provide sth for sb 一般的提供
supply sth to sb== supple sb with sth 供给，支持
support sb in sth 资助、赞助、支持
offer n 1、主动要求，主动提供；2、出价，报价；3、录取意向（职位，大学自主招生）
从词义上说，award 是“授予，给予”，reward 是“回报”
award 奖励（官方的，精神层面）They awarded John the first prize. （~ sth to sb 或~ sb sth）
reward 奖励（物质层面）They reward Jhon with 10000. （reward sb with sth）
the first man who would fly across… = the first man to
序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句（最高级、限定词）
-
- the first person to greet him was a local policeman
-- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。
= She was the only one that survive the plane crash.
fly across; sail across；横渡swim across游过come across 通过；碰到；遇上
get across to使观点，主意等被理解get this problem across to him（get sth across to sb 中sth应为抽象性名词）get through to向某人讲清楚自己的意思He could not get through to me
Over a year pasd before the first attempt was made.
如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才...）
另外还有“还没来得及就”“就”
1、跟情态动词can、could连用，虽然是肯定形式，但是表达的意思是“还没来得及就”。强调从句动作发生前，主句的动作就已经发生了。
before I could catch the cat, it had run away.
2、在肯定句中强调所表达的“时间、距离长；时间晚，或花费的精力多等，即程度高”翻译为“才”
we had sailed four days and four nights before we saw lands
It was already evening before we finally arrived in the little town.
3、在否定句中，和肯定句中表达相反的意思，“程度低的语气”翻译为“不到….就”
we hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
2&3、在此种意义下的it be/take some time before +句子，其时态有两种
1、若主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时（主将从现）。肯定句翻译为“要过多久才….”否定翻译为“用不了多久就….”
it will be many years before the situation improves
it won’t be long before we meet again
2、若主句是一般过去时，从句也是一般过去时（真实语气）。肯定句翻译为“很长时间之后才…”否定翻译为“没过多久就….”
it was some time before I realized the truth
it wasn’t long before she became a brave soldier
3、与其他类似句型的用法
it be+时间段+since (It is… / It has been…意思相同，前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法) it is two years since we arrived here.
it is two years since we lived here
it is two years since we have lived here.
不负少年时it be+时间段+when 表示“某个动作发生时，是某个时间”
it was Dec. 18th when I was born.
4、主句含有hardly、scarcely等否定副词时，可以翻译为“刚…就、一…就”，这时主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时，且可以用when替代before.
we had hardly/scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.
5、before有时可以表示“宁愿”的意思（概念出处类似last）
I’d shoot mylf before I apologized to him
6、before long 不久、很快（before是介词，long是名词），在句中一般做状语，多与过去时或将来时连用。
the work will be finished before long.
long before “很久以前”（long是副词），可以单独使用，这时before是介词，如果接从句的话，before 是连词long before there was civilization。常与过去时或者过去完成时连用，后接从句时也可以用于一般现在时。
she said that she had heard of it long before
彼岸世界it will be long before he arrives.
attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）
in one's attempt
-
- She failed in her attempt to swim the English Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。
make an attempt on sth
-- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。
make an attempt to do
-- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。
make no attempt to do
-- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。
动词时：attempt sth
he attempted a difficult task
attempt to do sth 表示具体的尝试做什么，是很具体的一次性行为
he attempt to escape
attempt doing sth（不如to do常见）指比较一贯性的，长期以来的be afraid /to do sth.of doing sth
he attempted swimming across the river
动词产生分词：attempted （犯罪）未遂的attempted murder/robbery 杀人/抢劫
On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in
his plane the 'Antoinette IV.'
early,late的形容词用法，早期，早上的早些时候early this morning; late this night 晚上的晚些时候
at dawn 黎明时分==at daybreak at midnight at night at noon
take off 1、起飞2、（产品，活动，事业）的腾飞his career took off
off 常见的一个副词用法“离开、动身”
draw off 撤离（==withdraw）
liftoff （火箭、飞船）发射，升空
t off 出发，动身
coast 海岸（指陆地和海交界的狭长地带，也可指沿海地区。）
beach n. 海滩，沙滩（通常为shore 或coast 的一部分，是被海（湖或河）水冲刷而成）
shore n. 岸，滨（含义较广，指海洋、湖泊及江河的岸，通常为陆地和较大水域的交界地带。）
border n. 边界，边境多指靠近两国或两地区分界线的区域。有什么无恐
boundary n. 分界线，边界frontier n. [尤英]边界，边境指两国接壤的前沿地区，多有军队驻防。
He had travelled only ven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was
forced to land on a.
When = at that moment （此处也可以换成before，可以翻译成“就”，表示“突然、忽然”）
Failed = break down=broken=stop working 失败；失灵, 出故障
Fail 失败、忽视（具体：机器、机械抽象：身体部位、健康）
fail to do 未能做某事
fail in sth 未能做某事
fail sb/sth 评定某人不及格/未通过/挂科（驾照，大学）
-- She failed to win the prize. –I failed to e why you find it so funny （注意e，fail to e 特化：不明白）-- When I saw him, my words failed me.我不知道说什么好了。
-- the president’s health is failing fast -- he died of heart failure
force sb to do sth force sb’s hand 不得不，强迫（注意主语）
I want to go with you, but the work left forced my hand
be forced to do 被迫做某事
forced 强迫的，勉强的make a forced landing
熊猫简笔画图片大全The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
float （使）漂浮；飘浮；飘动指因有液体或气体的支撑而不沉，表示动态或静态。可用于形容具体事物或声音、气味等抽象事物。float around 传开；流传（常考）==go around
drift 漂流，飘移指随风或顺水缓慢移动，强调动态，常用于形容具体事物。
picked up = save = rescue
1、捡起，收拾，收捡if you give up now, who will pick up the mess.
pick up after sb 跟在某人后面收拾who want to get married and spend their life time picking ~ some man
2、用车接走，取走
3、（非主动）偶然习得he picked up Russian so quickly.
4、得病，染上疾病（不常考）they’ve picked up a really rious infection.
5、重提，接过观点（捡起来，拾起来）Can I just pick up that gentleman’s point.
Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'. Bleriot had
been making planes since 1905 and this was his lattes model.
with a plane（with 具有、带有）-- a suitca ~ a handle 注意翻译，虽然是伴随，但是翻译为“驾驶”with复合结构==独立主格名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词
A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered
twenty-six miles.
= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight and during the flight he covered
twenty-six miles. -- during which = during the flight
during 介词既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行，也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生
怎么叠纸船cover 盖上、涉及、包含、覆盖（面积）行走了（多远）、看完、报道（新闻）、买单（全部支出）、保掩护cover a lot of groud 1、到了很多地方（直译）2、涉及很多内容（抽象）
china covers 9.6 million square kilometers. an area of~
怎样选股
cover the Winter Olympics 报道
here is 100, that should cover all the expens.
all the pupils in the school are covered against accidents
Latham, however, did not give up easily.
He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new 'Antoinette'.
give up 放弃、戒掉（smoking）、投降认输（放弃抵抗）
give away 1、赠送（多指用于礼物一类的）2、泄露（秘密）3、（基督教婚礼上）将（新娘）交给新郎give out 1、分发（分发什么东西）2、设备或身体部位停止运行; 停止起作用3、发出(尖叫、叹息等）give in 1、上交==hand in 2、让步，退步，屈服
give off发出(光、热、声音、气味等)
那一定会很好
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
It looked as if 似乎, 看起来
-- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.
as if作为连词，本身不做成分，但是有意思。it ems as if/thoug. that/ whether/ if as/ if as thoug
名词从句中引导表语从句。“好像，仿佛”（可用虚拟语气）
当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。保持时态一致。
当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气.（非事实或夸张）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”
从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”
It ems as if it is raining. 外面看起来像是下雨了。（确实是下雨了）
It ems as if it were raining. 外面看起来好像下雨一样。（虚拟语气，其实并没有下雨）
it looks as if she didn’t approve of our marriage, and it makes people talk.
it looks as if it had been built yesterday.
如果as if 引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词（短语）、介词短语或分词。如：He acts as if（he were）a fool．
注意，as if+to do时，可以视为省略了be going to/ be to的结构，可表示将来，现在分词和过去分词则是be he raid his hand as if (he was going) to say something he opened his mouth as if (he were) to make some reply
em
em+不定式短语（不定式可以省略）
em+形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，分词形容词，其实都是to do省略。进行则用em to be doing
it ems that，名词性从句，主语从句。注意否定，it doesn’t em that.
it ems to sb that…==sb ems like
