直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的概念
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直接引语和间接引语是叙述人们说话的两种方法。
直接引语指说话人直接引用别人的原话。这样重复的话语要放在引号内,且在原话前加逗号,引号内每个句子的第一个单词的首字母必须大写。例如:
He asked, “Where did you go?” 他问:“你到哪里去了?”
间接引语是指说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来。间接引语在多数情况下是变成宾语从句,即和主句一起构成一个含宾语从句的主从复合句,不用引号。例如:
She said (that) tho books were hers. 她说那些书是她的。
二、直接引语转间接引语
路由器忘记密码直接引语在转换成间接引语时,要注意人称的变化、句子结构的变化、主从句时态的一致、
语序的变化、指示代词的变化、时间状语的变化、地点状语的变化以及部分动词的变化等事项。
1、人称的变化
直接引语在转换成间接引语时,人称的变化规则是:一随主,二随宾,三不变。
1) 一随主:即直接引语中的代词是第一人称时,在间接引语中必须和主句的主语相一致。例如:
Tom says, “I’m from America.” 汤姆说:“我来自美国。”
→Tom says (that) he is from America. 汤姆说他来自美国。(I变成了和主语Tom相一致的he)
2) 二随宾:即直接引语中的代词是第二人称时,在间接引语中必须和主句的宾语相一致。例如:
She asked me, “Where do you live?” 她问我:“你住在哪里?”
→She asked me where I live. 她问我我住在哪里。(you变成了和宾语me相一致的I)
3)三不变:即直接引语中的代词是第三人称时,在间接引语中保持不变。例如:
Kate said,” They like reading.” 凯特说:“他们喜欢阅读。”
→Kate said (that) they liked reading. 凯特说他们喜欢阅读。(they保持不变)
【注意】人称的变化包括人称代词、物主代词和反身代词等。
2、句子结构的变化
1)直接引语是陈述句时,用连词that引导,that通常可以省略,尤其是在口语中。例如:
He said, “I have been to Beijing.”
→He said (that) he had been to Beijing.
【注意】如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句,第一个连词that
可以省略,以后的连词that一般不省略,以免造成句子结构上的混乱。例如:
Doctor Li said, “You are nothing wrong. You’ll be better soon.”
→Doctor Li said(何以笙箫默简介that)I was nothing wrong and that I would be better soon.
2去极端化)直接引语为疑问句时,要注意将注意原主句中的谓语动词say改为ask (sb.)、wonder或want to know等,且间接引语中必须使用陈述句的语序(即宾语从句中的主语之前不能任何动词)。至于说连词的确定,情况如下:
a) 直接引语为一般疑问句、反意疑问句或选择疑问句时,间接引语中用连词if或whether引导。例如:
He said, “Do you have any music CDs?”
→He asked(me)whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wondered whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wanted to know whether/if I had any music CDs.
I asked, “Will you take a bus or a train?”
→I asked him whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wondered whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wanted to know whether he would take a bus or a train.
b)直接引语为特殊疑问句时,就由原来的疑问词来充当间接引语的连词,注意原特殊疑问词的被修饰语必须紧随其后,不可分开。如:
He asked, “How many bowl of rice did you have, Lucy?”
→He asked Lucy how many bowl of rice she had had.
c) 直接引语形式上是疑问句,但表示请求,建议意义时,可ask sb. to do sth.,suggest doing,advi sb. to do sth. 等形式来转述。如:
“Could you open the door, plea?” he asked.
→He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us.
→He advid us to go out for a walk.
→He suggested going out for a walk.
3)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式表达,原主句中的谓语动词通常要改为ask, advi, beg, tell, order, offer, request, suggest, warn等。如ask sb. to do(由肯定祈使句变成),ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如:
He said,“Jane,be careful, plea.”
→He asked Jane to be careful.
“Don’t be late for class again.” He said the boy.
→He told the boy not to be late for class again.
He said, “Let's have a walk.”
→He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”
→He offered to help me.
4)直接引语是感叹句时,转间接引语可用what或how引导,也可用that引导,如:
The policeman said, “How clever you are!”
→The policeman said how clever I was.
→The policeman said I was very clever.
3、主从句时态的一致
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的动词时态保持不变。例如:
He says, “China is very great.” →He says (that) China is very great.
Mum says, “I’ll be back in a minute.” →Mum says she’ll be back in a minute.
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词通常要改成相应的过去时态。具体情况见下表:
直接引语 | 间接引语 |
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
一般过去时 | 一般过去时/过去完成时 |
现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
复活节的由来 一般将来时 | 过去将来时 |
现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
过去完成时 | 过去完成时 |
过去进行时 | 过去进行时 |
过去将来时 | 过去将来时 |
| |
3)直接引语陈述的如果是客观事实、真理、名言、警句、谚语等,在变为间接引语时,时态保持不变。
Our teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
→Our teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
4、指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词等的变化
直接引语中的一些指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和部分动词须作如下相应的变化:
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
指示代词 | this这 | that那 |
the这些 | tho那些 |
时 间 状 语 | now现在 | then那时 |
today 今天 | that day 那天 |
tonight 隋朝统一的意义今晚 | 遥控车玩具that night那天晚上 |
this week 这星期 | that week那个星期 |
yesterday 昨天 | the day before前一天 |
last week 上星期 | the week before前一个星期 |
ago以前 | before 以前 |
tomorrow明天 | the next/following day第二天 |
next week 下星期 | the next week 第二个星期 |
地点状语 | here 这里 | there 那里 |
动 词 | come来 | go 去 |
Bring带走,拿走 | take 带来,拿来 |
| | 好好长大 |
【注意】直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时,有时不需要改变。
如tomorrow,转述的动作发生在说话的当天,就不用改变;但如果转述的动作不发生在说话的当天,则要将tomorrow变为the next day.
又如here,转述地点就是说话时的地点时,不须变化。
5、标点符号
整个复合句的标点符号必须与主句一致,即主句是陈述句时用句号,主句是问句时用问号。