At the end of all pieces of academic writing, you need a list of materials that you have ud or referred to. This usually has a heading: references but may be 栋花bibliography or works cited depending on the conventions of the system you u.
The object of your writing is for you to say something for yourlf using the ideas of the subject, for you to prent ideas you have learned in your own way. The emphasis should be on working with other people’s ideas, rather than reproducing their words. The ideas and people that you refer to need to be made explicit by a system of referencing. This consists of a list of materials that you have ud at the end of the piece of writing and references to this list at various points throughout the essay. The purpo of this is to supply the information needed to allow a ur to find a source.
Therefore, at the end of your assignment you need a list of the materials you have ud - a bibliography or a reference list.
There are many ways of writing a list of references - check with your department for more information - but the one ud here - the American Psychological Association style - is well known and often ud (American Psychological Association, 1983, 1994, 1999, 2001). See Gibaldi (1999) and Modern Languages Association (1998) for another way.
1. Example
References
Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 3, 55-59.
Barr, P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981). Advanced reading skills. London: Longman.
Chomsky, N. (1973). Linguistic theory. In J. W. Oller & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Focus on the learner (pp. 29-35). Rowley, Massachutts: Newbury Hou.
Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An introduction to language. London: Holt-Saunders.
Guiora, A. Z., Paluszny, M., Beit-Hallahmi, B., Catford, J. C., Cooley, R. E. & Dull, C. Y. (1975). Language and person: Studies in language behaviour. Language Learning, 25, 43-61.
GVU's 8th WWW ur survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from www.gatec
h.edu/gvu/ursurveys/survey1997-10/
Kinlla, V. (Ed.). (1978). Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lipinsky, E. & Bender, R. (1980). Critical voices on the economy. Survey, 25, 38-42. Oller, J. W. & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the learner. Rowley, Massachutts: Newbury Hou.
Longman dictionary of contemporary English. (1978). London: Longman.
Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stern, H. H. & Weinrib, A. (1978). Foreign languages for younger children: Trends and asssment. In V. Kinlla (Ed.), Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys (pp. 152-172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
NOTES
U heading: References.
猫咪行为Page numbers should be included for all articles in journals and in collections.
U italics (or underlining in handwriting) for titles of books, periodicals, newspapers etc.
U alphabetical order. Alphabeti works with no author by the first significant word in the title.
All co-authors should be listed.
Indent cond etc. lines
U (n.d.) if no date is given.
If the author of a document is not given, begin the reference with the title of the document.
2. Books
a. One author:
Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
b. Two authors:
Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An introduction to language. London: Holt-Saunders.
c. More than two authors:
第一音响Barr, P., Clegg, J. & Wallace, C. (1981). 安徒生童话故事全集Advanced reading skills. London: Longman.
宇宙最大星球十大排名d. Edited collections:
Kinlla, V. (Ed.). (1978). Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oller, J. W. & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (1973). Focus on the learner. Rowley, Massachutts: Newbury Hou.简历模板封面
e. Book, corporate author:
British Council Teaching Information Centre. (1978). Pre-ssional cours for overas students. London: British Council.
f. Book, no author, or editor:
Longman dictionary of contemporary English. (1978). London: Longman.
The Times atlas of the world (5th ed.). (1975). New York: New York Times.
g. Book, third edition:
办公用房Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1983). An introduction to language (3rd ed.). London: Holt-Saunders.
