IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.
Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If we travel in bus, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment and very likely have our views challenged by other members of society.
Face-to face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last two hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of current society. Two things, above others, have caud the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back at to national news, which itlf is often almost eclipd (失去优势) by intern
ational news.
No longer is the posssion of information restricted to a wealthy minority. In the last century the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people ud to go to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that is being channeled into millions of homes.
Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communication influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.
Keys:
The passage talks about some changes of communication. First, the art of mass communication promoted by inventiveness and speed is one of the determining factors in the form of communication. Second, the posssion of information belongs to the mass, not wealthy minority only. Third, modern communication is crucial to people’s lifestyle and broadens people’s horizons. (59 words)
IV．Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.
In one of my earliest memories, I’m drawing. I don’t remember what the picture is suppod to be, but I remember the mistake. My marker slips, an unintentional line appears and my lip trembles. The picture has long since disappeared. But that feeling of deep frustration, even shame, stays with me.纵被春风吹作雪
That’s the thing about perfectionism, a crucially lf-defeating way to move through the world. It makes you better at your career and relationships and life in general.Culturally, we often e perfectionism as a positive.
But the disadvantage of perfectionism isn’t just that it holds you back from being your most successful, productive lf. Perfectionistic tendencies have been linked to a laundry list of clinical issues: depression and anxiety (even in children), lf-harm, social anxiety disorder, eating disorders, and most damaging of all, suicide.
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“Bad upon the 60-odd studies that we’ve done, we think that’s a misunderstanding,” says York St John University’s Hill. “Factors often labeled ‘healthy’ perfectionism, like striving for excellence, aren’t actually perfectionism at all. They’re just conscientiousness（尽职尽责）– which explains why people with tho tendencies often have different outcomes in studies. Perfectionism isn’t defined by working hard or tting high goals. It’s that critical inner voice.”
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Take the student who works hard and gets a poor mark. If she tells herlf: “I’m disappointed, but it’s okay; I’m still a good person overall,” that’s healthy. If the message is: “I’m a failure. I’m not good enough,” that’s perfectionism.
Perfectionists can make smooth sailing into a storm, a brief ill wind into a category-five hurricane. Eventually, the behaviours perfectionists adapt, actually, do make them more likely to fail.唐朝有多少个皇帝
Keys:
Many of us believe perfectionism is a positive. But rearchers are finding that it is nothing short of dangerous, leading to a long list of health problems and failure in study or life. Besides, perfectionism is different from conscientiousness in that the former is connected with being
particular about onelf. (50 words)
IV．Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.
Every time there is a mass shooting, the debate surrounding guns tends to flare up in America. The abu of guns has been a rious problem in the US all along, but why doesn’t the US government just dismiss owning guns privately?
The right to own a gun and defend onelf is central to American society. As early as the 1600s, when the first Europeans t foot on the continent of North America, they had to face a lot of dangers. They could only rely on themlves. Therefore, guns played a significant role in lf-defen. Guns were also important in America’s Independent War and the Civil War.
Secondly, the American founding fathers believed that gun ownership was necessary for a truly free country. If the government distrusts the people and disarms them, then that government no longer reprents the people. The Second Amendment to the US Constitution specifies that the American p
eople cannot be deprived of the“right to keep and bear arms.”So the sale and purcha of firearms are legal in the United States according to law.
The importance of guns is also derived from the role of hunting in American culture. In the nation’s early years, hunting was esntial for food and shelter. Today, guns are a vital part of hunting, which remains very popular as both a sport and a way of life in many parts of the country. People spend time with friends, sharing the pleasure that the sport brings.
For tho reasons, when critics say guns mean violence, they miss a large part of the picture, and they misreprent the complex nature of America’s diver gun culture. Most people who own guns privately, are actually part of the gun culture. They have rational and thoughtful reasons to own and u guns.
Keys:
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辞职申请书范文The US government doesn’t ban gums for the following reasons. Finally, guns rve as a means of lf-defence. Besides, the posssion of a gun is a symbol of freedom. Finally, guns are important becau hunting is still popular in people’s life as a sport. Despite the disputes,
Americans are entitled to the u of guns. (59 words)
IV．Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.
The Conflict of the Orders
The types of people who rved as officials in the Roman government changed over time. The changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.
In the early republic, Romans were divided into two class of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws becau laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians rved as judges.
Over time, plebeians incread their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own asmbly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450, B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.
The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B. C, a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B. C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themlves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was not as important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.
Keys:
Romans consisted of two class: patricians and plebeians. Patricians, the nobles, inherited
power and controlled the government. Plebeians, the common people having few rights, gradually gained rights through struggles. Later, many plebeians gained power and wealth and became nobles.
Only the rich could afford to hold the unpaid office, so the nobles still controlled Rome.
(55 words)
IV．Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.
A Workaholic Economy
Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure ems rerved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Tho who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War Ⅱ. In fact, working hours have incread noticeably since 1970. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.
There are mainly two reasons for lost leisure.
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Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. A host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of tho incentives(诱因) involve the structure of compensation(报酬). The way salaries and benefits are organized makes it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.
For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms,” Bailyn of Massachutts Institute of Technology maintains. “It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm.” He adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the cont ribution of their employees to a firm’s well-being, so they estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked. Employees know this, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
