雅思英语考试阅读理解满分练习及答案解
析
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导师网【Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?】
硕果意思A
Economists accept that if people describe themlves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we’re not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themlves
with weakness and miry. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn’t been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and
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heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice In of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, In divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by In and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raid millions of dollars of rearch money and funded 50 rearch groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then
form “pods” to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
自己生日不明显的说说C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the
point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren’t
the concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify
spending funds to rearch positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as “the power of positive thinking”. His plan to stop the new science floating “on the waves of lf- improvement fashions” is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.
8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice mass melted. W e shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all the animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and ud their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: “Becau our bra says: “Becau our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, in evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what’s wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn’t work in the modem world.”
E
总之造句Although most people rate themlves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than success. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surpri, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturer
s, the negative em negative emotions each tell us “something bad has happened”otions each tell us “something bad has happened”otions each tell us “something bad has happened” and suggest and suggest a different cour of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects e landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the respon comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-danger-recognition recognition system formed early in the brain’s evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part ud for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history. G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are parate. Wanting involves two ancient regions
the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the
chemical dopamine to form the brain’s reward system. They are involved
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in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will
press a bar repeatedly, ignoring xually available partners, to receive
mulation of the “wanting” parts of the brain. But having electrical sti stimulation
received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
在我心中H
In esnce, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions
are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are
difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are
designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has ven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
冬至是节日吗Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing veral groups one of which
received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly rearched psychology area
