敬畏生命
【德】史怀哲
我是一个生命,生命的意愿是生存,在生命的中途,她愿意活着。
在我的生命意识中,带着对毁灭和痛苦的惧怕,渴望着更广阔的生存和快乐;我的周遭围绕着同样的生命意识,无论她在我面前表达自己还是保持沉默。
生命意识到处展现,在我自身也是同样。如果我是一个有思维的生命,我必须以同等的敬畏来尊敬其他生命,而不仅仅限于自我小圈子,因为我明白:她深深地渴望圆满和发展的意愿,跟我是一模一样的。所以,我认为毁灭、妨碍、阻止生命是极其恶劣的。
尊敬生命,在实际上和精神上两个方面,我都保持真实。根据同样的理由,尽我所能,挽救和保护生命达到她的高度发展,是尽善尽美的。
在我内部,生命意识懂得了其他的生命意识。她渴望透过自身达到整合,成为一个整体。我只能坚持这样一个事实,生命意识透过我展示了她自己:成为与其他生命意识相互依存的一员。
我经验过向一切生命意识表达同等敬畏的不可遏止的冲动,如同尊敬自身的一样。通过这种经验形成了
我的伦理观。一个人遵从这种冲动,去帮助所有他能够帮助的生命,并且畏惧伤害任何活着的生灵,这个人才是符合伦理的。
如果我把一个昆虫从泥坑救出来,我的生命对另一个生命做出贡献,那么对立于生命自身的生命分隔现象就消失了。
不论何时不论何种方式,我的生命对另一个生命贡献出他自身,我的生命意识就经历了一个从有限到无限的融合的愿望,在这个愿望中,所有的生命是一个整体。绝对伦理要求在生命中创造完美。她不可能完全实现;这一点倒无所谓。对生命敬畏的感觉是绝对的伦理。它使生命序列的保持和提升顺利运作。
过寿的祝福语不论在什么情况下,毁灭和伤害生命都如同恶魔一样有罪。在实践中,我们真的被迫选择。我们经常必须武断地决定何种形式的生命,甚至何种特殊的人,我们应该挽救,何种我们应该毁灭。尽管如此,敬畏生命的原则仍然是完整的和毋庸置疑的。这种伦理并不因为人们的伦理观抵触现象而失效,农民在牧场割草喂牛割下了一千棵花,可是他必须注意,在回家的路上,不要因为沉浸在消遣心情里而划掉路旁的花朵,因为这样做是不必要,是对生命犯下罪行。
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我推荐的文章是史怀哲的《敬畏生命》,这篇文章虽是短小精悍,却是我所读过的最有智慧的文字之一。史怀哲所创立的生命伦理学的核心思想,都凝聚在这篇文章里面。
下面,我愿意从哲学角度,粗浅谈谈我对这篇文章的解读。
首先,文章的第一层次是史怀哲对生命的定义,在这里,生命并不仅仅是保有有活性的身体那么简单,生命不是一种对身体静态的占有。生命只有“在生命的中途”才愿意活着,而这“中途”,则是“更广阔的生存和快乐”,一种动态自由的生活过程。由此可见,在史怀哲眼中,生命不是单个身体所固有的性质,而是一种对外的自由能动作用,身体只有在对外关系中获得发展时,才显现出生命意识。而“对痛苦、毁灭的畏惧”,也不单纯是惧怕对肉体的失去,而是身体获得自由发展的愿望受到阻碍时,生命意识本能体现出的惧怕。
据此推断,史怀哲对生命的定义,其实已内在地包含了一种生命意识对个体化原则的超越,生命并非局限于相互隔离的身体内部,而是在身体对外的能动作用中显现自身,用辩证法来解释的话,生命在这种对外活动中不断失去原有的身体,但同时也不断使活动对象被同化为生命意识的内在内容。
埋怨这种推断是否有得到史怀哲的印证呢?有的,那就是该文展开的第二层次。一年级拼音测试卷
“如果我是一个有思维的生命,我必须以同等的敬畏来尊敬其他生命,而不仅仅限于自我小圈子。”在
这里,生命意识明显具备了超越狭隘小我的意向。自我的生命意识感受到他周围的生命意识“渴望圆满和发展的意愿,跟我是一模一样的。”——这其实就是生命意识的同一性,生命意识本质上是超越个体隔离的。敬畏生命的内在理由,其实就是对生命意识超越狭隘自我的本质的印证。而“毁灭、妨碍、阻止生命”,不仅是对其他生命的犯罪,更是对自身的狭隘固守,对自我生命原则的背弃。
历史十大名将
这种敬畏体现在思想上,就是对其他生命意识的感同身受,对苍生的悲悯情怀。生命意识之间的相互沟通,相互依存,使生命“透过自身达到整合,成为一个整体。”这是生命伦理观的至高境界。
心无旁骛什么意思而体现在实践上,人的行为则需与生命伦理观相一致。如果我把一个昆虫从泥坑救出来,那么我就打破了利己行为的原则,耗费自己身体的能量去保全另一个身体的继续发展。在这一过程中,我贡献出了自己原有的身体,却让被救的昆虫纳入了我的生命体系。——“对立于生命自身的生命分隔现象就消失了。”“人的异化”和“自然的人化”在这一行为中达到了内在统一,“我的生命意识就经历了一个从有限到无限的融合的愿望”。
史怀哲干净利落地阐明了生命伦理学的第二层次后,他的第三层次,则是对相对的行动与绝对的伦理之间矛盾的思考。“绝对伦理要求在生命中创造完美。她不可能完全实现”,相反,“在实践中,我们真的被迫选择。我们经常必须武断地决定何种形式的生命,甚至何种特殊的人,我们应该挽救,何种我们应该毁灭。”
面对这种矛盾,史怀哲的解决方案就是时刻保持“对生命敬畏的感觉”,这种感觉就是绝对伦理,它并不因为实践活动的不彻底性而失去其完整性。这是史怀哲一种富有宗教气质的解决方案,它意味着人处于相对的世界中,必须在任何合适的条件下保持自己敬畏生命的绝对可能性。农夫割花喂牛时,这种可能性是受客观条件限制的,但是如果他干完活走在回家的路上,而不必伤害花朵,他就必须保持这种不伤害的可能性,而对花朵保持敬畏,如果他自行关闭了这种可能性,而去有意伤害花朵,那么他就违反了敬畏生命的绝对伦理。
英文版:
I am life which wills to live, in the midst of life which wills to live. As in my own will-to-live there is a longing for wider life and pleasure, with dread of annihilation and pain; so is it also in the will-to-live all around me, whether it can express itlf before me or remains dumb. The will-to-live is everywhere prent, even as in me. If I am a thinking being, I must regard life other than my own with equal reverence, for I shall know that it longs for fullness and development as deeply as I do mylf. Therefore, I e that evil is what annihilates, hampers, or hinders life. And this holds true whether I regard it physically or spiritually. Goodness, by the same token, is the saving or helping of life, the enabling of whatever life I can to attain its highest development.
In me the will-to-live has come to know about other wills-to-live. There is in it a yearning to arrive at unity with itlf, to become universal. I can do nothing but hold to the fact that the will-to-live in me manifests itlf as will-to-live which desires to become one with other will-to-live.
Ethics consist in my experiencing the compulsion to show to all will-to-live the same reverence as I do my own. A man is truly ethical only when he obeys the compulsion to help all life which he is able to assist, and shrinks from injuring anything that lives. If I save an inct from a puddle, life has devoted itlf to life, and the division of life against itlf has ended. Whenever my life devotes itlf in any way to life, my finite will-to-live experiences union with the infinite will in which all life is one.
杏鲍菇嘌呤高吗An absolute ethic calls for the creating of perfection in this life. It cannot be completely achieved; but that fact does not really matter. In this n reverence for life is an absolute ethic. It makes only the maintenance and promotion of life rank as good. All destruction of and injury to life, under whatever circumstances, it condemns as evil. True, in practice we are forced to choo. At times we have to decide arbitrarily which forms of life, and even which particular individuals, we shall
save, and which we shall destroy. But the principle of reverence for life is nonetheless universal and absolute.
Such an ethic does not abolish for man all ethical conflicts but compels him to decide for himlf in each ca how far he can remain ethical and how far he must submit himlf to the necessity for destruction of and injury to life. No one can decide for him at what point, on each occasion, lies the extreme limit of possibility for his persistence in the prervation and furtherance of life. He alone has to judge this issue, by letting himlf be guided by a feeling of the highest possible responsibility towards other life. We must never let ourlves become blunted. We are living in truth, when we experience the conflicts more profoundly.
Whenever I injure life of any sort, I must be quite clear whether it is necessary. Beyond the unavoidable, I must never go, not even with what ems insignif icant. The farmer, who has mown down a thousand flowers in his meadow as fodder for his cows, must be careful on his way home not to strike off in wanton pastime the head of a single flower by the roadside, for he thereby commits a wrong against life without being under the pressure of necessity