ABSTRACT
The medieval era has always been labelled as a "long night of barbaric darkness". Despite the lack of material life, cultural lag at the beginning of the middle ages, the emergence of cities and towns has completely changed the situation in Europe and Germany, who have no central power at that time, and it also brought Western Europe advanced and brilliant civilization. The topic of this paper is German city law and its freedom on the rule of law in terms of the influence to modern western society and legal concept. The complex historical background of Europe at the beginning of the middle ages and geographical position in European continent make contribution to the lower living conditions of the German society in comparison to other countries in western Europe, while the comprehensive development of the Western European economy, domestic power struggle between cular crown and papacy and the ri of the citizen literature led to the urbanization in Germany. At the same time the city law inherited a certain cultural connotation and innovated.
City law which was applied to Western European cities with autonomy in the Middle Ages derived from charter, common practice and guild system with development of urban handicrafts and commercial trad
e activities. Moreover, medieval cities allied for commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. Stronger the alliance was; the League would be more independent. For instance, Hanatic League, who had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid, gained economic and political power with its business thus endowing city law the characteristics of modern international law during the heyday of urbanization. As a result of multi- aspect interests such as political and religious compromi, German city law is a product of emperors, lords and barons, as well as the Pope’s power strugg le. coordinating the conflict of imperial power and magisterium due to the Reformation and Revolution. It showed a strong n of expression from the people's desire for freedom. This essay focus on The Freedom of The Medieval City Law In Germany, although cannot be as detailed as monographs, it elaborates on the ideological basis of freedom and influence as much as possible.
The paper introduces the European environment and condition in the Middle Ages, including the ri of the empire free city and urbanization in Germany. German city law
with "freedom" at its core has basically taken shape by the main factors: economics, religion and poli
tics. Freedom of the German city law in the Middle Ages portraits a significant role on the rule of law in modern western countries.
Keywords: Middle Ages, City Law, Freedom, Germany
目录
中文摘要.......................................................................................................................................... I 英文摘要........................................................................................................................................ II
1 引言 (1)
2 文献评述 (2)
2.1 国外研究现状 (2)
2.2 国内的研究状况 (5)
2.3 其他文博、多媒体资料 (6)
第一次野营
3 中世纪德意志的背景考察 (8)
3.1 黑暗的中世纪 (8)
3.1.1 帝国格局混乱 (9)
3.1.2 文化滞后 (12)
古之学者必有师
3.2 中世纪德意志城市化 (13)
3.2.1 帝国自由市的兴起 (13)
3.2.2 城市化 (15)
3.3 中世纪德意志的城市文明 (16)
3.3.1 中世纪早期 (16)
3.3.2 骑士文化与市民文学 (17)
4 中世纪德意志城市法中的自由表现 (19)
别无出路4.1 德意志城市法中的自由思想 (19)
4.1.1 城市法律体系蕴含自由意志 (19)
4.1.2 城市法的内容规定自由权利 (21)
4.2 城市法自由的制度体现 (23)
4.2.1 城市法典汇编 (24)
4.2.2 行会制度 (26)
4.2.3 城市司法自治 (27)
4.3 “国际化”层面的城市法自由 (28)
4.3.1 城市同盟 (28)沙海结局
4.3.2 同盟法令 (30)
5 德意志城市法自由的原因探寻 (33)
坚持不懈的名人名言
5.1 地理环境 (33)
5.2 经济繁荣 (34)
5.3 政教博弈 (35)
6 结语 (38)
致谢 (39)
参考文献 (40)
附录 (43)
A.作者在攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文目录 (43)浙组词
重庆 1 引言
1 引言
德国城市的起源可以追溯到德国和欧洲还是共同体时的中世纪，在当时流传着至今为全世界人所熟知的德语俗谚“Die Stadtluft macht frei”（城市的空气使人自由）说明城市给德意志人带来生活、精神方面的巨大影响，因此本文将研究内容界定在这一时间段和地域范围内。而作为本文的研究对象，在德国城市的发展进程中产生的法律——城市法，虽然不是一部专门性技术规范的法律，但其囊括了城市地位、社会经济、人身自由、土地归属甚至跨国贸易等多种法律规范，蕴含的自由理念成为影响近代西方法治的因素之一。纵观中世纪的德国，无论是城市还是城市法都体现出德国城市最典型的特征——自由，除了内容上的创新外，本文在研究方法上也具有一定创新之处。为了更加清晰地说明德国不同于其他国家所展现的自由，在论及自由的表现、分析自由的因素时所涉及到的关键词文中均以德文的原初语汇进行阐释，因为一个国家的语言往往渗透着这个国家人民和民族的形成原因，具有自身在语言学、文学上的独特贡献，同时，德语语法的严谨也组成了德国法律史乃至德国法学重要的一个方面。
沈阳到鞍山
欧洲学者对城市相关研究透彻，成果著述丰富。英国学者强调盎格鲁-撒克逊法律传统和大宪章的历史意义，意大利法学家则偏向罗马法的悠久历史与传统，德国在历经了长期战争后建立了“德意志民族的神圣罗马帝国”，虽然生活饱经苦难城市开端也相对落后于英格兰和意大利，然而却以其独特的城市化进程后来居上，达到西欧中世纪城市发展的鼎盛时期。本文将以城市法最典型的自由特征展现其不同于以往的风格，城市的出现对欧洲社会发展起到至关重要的作用，由此形成的一系列城市法对近代西方国家的法治产生巨大影响，那么探讨城市法自由内涵将具有学术意义。
中世纪德国城市法无论是史学界还是法学界长期以来都颇受关注，尽管国外学界对此有一些较为深入的研究成果，但由于语言和史料的限制，我国学界仍然处于较为匮乏的状态。由于种种原因，国内学者在研究德国法律史较为偏重政治角度，近年来随着中德两国贸易频繁交往更加密切，越来越多地关注到了经济因素，以往的学术研究著作中展现出的德国城市也是从欧洲日益繁盛的经济发展来说明城市法的特点，另一方面，国内目前的研究重点仍在19-20世纪工业化与欧洲城市化齐头并进的阶段而较少关注最初中世纪的城市发展。处于中世纪的德意志帝国经历了社会经济、文化、宗教等诸多方面的变化，而其城市法所蕴含的自由理念也被视为西方近现代法治的源头，所以这个选题就理论与实际的法治设计都具有意义。正所谓，他人明镜，鉴以自知。
龙湖区
