Transcendentalism:
A movement that originated in Europe but flourished particularly in the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century. At first a religious philosophy emphasizing intuition and individual conscience, transcendentalism was translated into literary terms by the so-called American transcendentalists, a looly formed group of New England writers and intellectuals that included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau.
They hold the conviction that each human being is innately divine that God’s esnce lies within all individuals. There are transcendental categories of knowledge (that is, a priori categories that govern our experience and understanding, such as time and causality) by adding other categories of knowledge (such as moral truth) and by contending that individuals have the ability to discover higher truths intuitively or mysteriously, without recour to the ns or logic. Indeed, transcendentalists suggested that reliance on nsory experience and rational thought may actually impede the acquisition of transcende
nt truth. People can discover moral truths in nature , the transcendentalists argued, with the guidance of their own conscience rather than dogmatic religious doctrine.
Transcendentalists kicked off the movement in 1836 by forming the Transcendental Club to discuss this “ new thought”, which extolled individual rather than ritualistic spiritual living, the virtues of nature and manual labor, the need for intellectual stimulation. They encourage lf-reliance and lf-trust .furthermore, the transcendentalists were reformers optimistic about human potential, allying themlves with such caus as women’s suffrage and abolitionism.
Gothic novel:
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儿童商机When applied to literature, Gothic has been ud both positively and pejoratively to refer to a genre characterized by a general mood of decay, action that is dramatic and generally violent or otherwi disturbing, loves that are destructively passionate, and ttings that are grandio, if gloomy or bleak. To eighteenth-century neoclassicists, who valued simplicity and unity, the appellation Gothic was synonymous with “barbaric” or cru
de. For them, Gothic writing was untutored, unrestrained, and ridiculously extravagant, particularly in its reliance on foreign ornament. Romantics, however, found in the Gothic a freedom of spirit, variety, mystery, and instinctual authenticity( as oppod to reasoned and therefore artificial discour) that meshed well with their own emphasis on individuality, imagination and sublimity.
The Gothic novel aro in late eighteenth-century England and remained popular in the nineteenth century throughout Europe and America; elements of the Gothic novel and Gothic literature in general have persisted up to our own day. The Gothic novel is a romance typically written as a long pro horror narrative that exhibits the Gothic qualities of doom and gloom as well as an emphasis on chivalry and magic. Dark and mysterious medieval castles and chock full of cret passageways and (apparently) supernatural phenomena are common elements ud to thrill the reader. Gothic heroes and heroines tend to be equally mysterious, with dark histories and crets of their own. The Gothic hero is typically a man known more for his power and his charisma than for his personal goodness; the Gothic heroine’s challenge is to win his love without being destroyed in the
process. Exaggeration and emotional language are frequently employed by Gothic writers, who typically emphasize storyline and tting over character and characterization. They ek to evoke an atmosphere of terror, often from an unidentified source. The reprentative writers include Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliffe, the Bronte Sisters, Henry James, Daphne du Maurier, Mary Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe, Stephen King, etc.
American Realism
Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are reprented in a straightforward of matter-of-fact manner. It stress truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-ntimental, and without interest in nature, death, etc. writers would describe the charm of human character reacting under various circumstances or authors picture the pioneers of the Far West, the new immigrants, and the struggles of the working class.没网络怎么办>手工制作网>带诗的成语
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The realists believe that the purpo of art is to produce reality, to establish a literature of
realism, to create an objective portrayal of American life. So they depicted life around them, identified their characters with their surroundings, and sometimes achieved psychological penetration. They wrote about individual characters confronted by hardships and moral dilemma. Their writing expos the values of common humanity. Life appears as it is, not picturesque, adventurous, heroic style characteristic of romantic writers. Realistic writers were also detached obrvers of life. The narrator in their novels stands back and tries not to let their own emotions gain the way of which their words give the reader. They just prent the reader what the characters do instead of telling the reader what it means in their writing.
Regional and Local Color Writings:
They are instances of realism insofar as they depict contemporary life, u the speech of the common people, and avoid, in general, fantastic plotlines. There are also often a romantic flavor in regional and local color writings as they receive influences from Washington Irving and the frontier tradition of tall tales. A regional work relies on the cultu
ral, social and historical ttings. If the tting is removed, the work is destroyed. Local color writings are just as dependent upon a specific geographical location, but they give more emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, customs, beliefs and speech. Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writing.
Naturalism: 镜头光圈is a kind of social Darwinism, which holds that the weak and stupid would fall victim to economic forces. Literary naturalism holds that humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment, and that the univer is cold and hostile to human desires. American naturalists wrote in a daring, open, and direct manner. The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. Though the naturalists describe real life but they do not look at the average, but at the violent, nsational, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life. Instead of reflecting the middle-class life, they would rather write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.
