Chapter10DevelopmentofLanguageCommunicationSkills
Development of Language & Communication Skills
Outline
1. Five components of Language
2. Theories of language development ★
3. The prelinguistic period (Before
Language)4. The Holophrastic period (One word at a time)
5. The Telegraphic Period (simple
ntences)
6.Bilingualism[双语]
1. Five components of Language
A language is a dynamic t of nsory symbols of communication and the elements ud to manipulate them.
1.1 What is Language
糯米怎么蒸1. Five components of Language
★phonology [语音]:knowledge of the language’s sound system;[有关语言发音系统的知识]
★morphology [词法]:Rules specifying how words are formed from sound ；[说明单词是怎样由语音构成的]★mantics [语义]:the expresd meaning of words and ntences [单词或句子所表达的意思]冉闵大帝
★syntax [句法]:the rules that specify how words are combined to produce ntences[说明单词如何组合起来构成有意义的短语和句子的规则]
★pragmatics [语用学]:the principle governing how
language is to be ud in different social situations.[如何用语言进行有效的沟通的知识]
1.2 Five components ofLanguage
儿童是如何获得语言？
一般而言，儿童在4-6个月时呀呀学语，12-13个月时会说出第一个有意义的单词，2岁末开始组合单词，4、5岁时知道几千个单词的意义，到6岁，他们就拥有大约1万个词，说一些精致的句子，很擅长交谈。
Outline
1. Five components of Language
2. Theories of language development ★
3. The prelinguistic period (Before
Language)4. The Holophrastic period (One word at a time)
5. The Telegraphic Period (simple
ntences)
6.Bilingualism[双语]
2. Theories of Language Dev.
2.1 Learning theoretical perspective
[习得论]
2.2The nativist perspective[先天论]
2.3The interactionist perspective
[交互论]2. Theories of Language Dev.★Children acquire language as they imitate other’s speech and are reinforced for grammatically correct utterances(Skiner, 1957).
儿童通过模仿他人语言而习得语言，语法正确的语言会得到强化.
2.1 Learning theoretical perspective
D:习得论在解释语言获得方面存在哪些
问题？
2. Theories of Language Dev.★Human beings are innately endowed with linguistic processing capabilities [i.e., a language acquisition device(LAD)or Language-making capacity(LMC)] that function most efficiently before puberty.[人类天生具有语言处理能力(比如，语言获得专置或语言制造能力)，这些能力在青春期之前运行最有效]
2.2 The nativist perspective
语言输入激活
语言获得专置
（大脑模块）
语言处理技能
现有知识产生
决定
儿童语法能力便民服务中心
对他人语言的理解
语言产生
2. Theories of Language Dev.
★Evidences for the nativist theoretical perspective:
阴跷脉1.The linguistic universals[语言共性]: Children all
over the world reach certain linguistic milestones at
about the same age, despite cultural differences in
the structure of their language
语言的共性：全世界的儿童都在大致相同的年龄到
达一定的语言发展阶段.
2.2 The nativist perspective
2. Theories of Language Dev.★Evidences for the nativist theoretical perspective:
2.Evidence from Chimps vs. humans
-No species has ever divid anything rembeing an abstract, rule-bound linguistic system;
2.2 The nativist perspective
-After years of training,
apes[猿] can learn simple
迟到检讨书sign languages and other
symbolic codes at level
comparable to that of a 2-
or 21/2-year-old child 2. Theories of Language Dev.★Evidences for the nativist theoretical perspective: 3.Brain specialization[大脑专门化] :
The obrvation that language functions are rved by Broca’s[布洛卡区] and Wernicke’s[威尔尼克区] areas of the brain;
2.2 The nativist perspective
布洛卡区受损：
影响语言的产
生，而不影响
语言的理解；
威尔尼克区受
损：
梦见女朋友和别的男人在一起影响语言的理
解，而不影响
语言的产生．
2. Theories of Language Dev.
★Evidences for the nativist theoretical perspective:4.The nsitive-period hypothesis[敏感期假设]
Both first-and cond-language learning em to proceed more smoothly during the nsitive period before puberty, when the lateralzied human brain is becoming increasingly specialized for linguistic functions
第一，二语言的学习在青春期之前的敏感期内进行得比较顺利，在敏感期内偏侧化的大脑对语言功能变得越来越专门化.2.2 The nativist perspective
童年获得第二语言的双语者，讲两种语言中的任何一种
粤语歌排行榜
都会激活大脑的相同区域；
在青春期之后获得第二语言的双语者，讲两种语言激活的是大脑的不同区域(Kim, et al., 1997)
祝妈妈健康长寿
2. Theories of Language Dev.
★Evidences for the nativist theoretical perspective:5.Deaf children of hearing parents and other children expod to ungrammatical pidgins[混杂语言] may create languages of their own .
耳聋的儿童和生活在混杂语言环境中的儿童会发明他们自己的语言体系。
2.2 The nativist perspective
2. Theories of Language Dev.
★过分强调语言习得的生物机制，忽略环境的影响；
★没有解释先天语言处理专置是如何运行的．
2.2 The nativist perspective
D:先天论在解释语言获得方面存在哪些问题？
2. Theories of Language Dev.
★Both learning theories and nativists are partially correct:
Language development results from a complex interplay among biological maturation, cognitive development, and an ever-changing linguistic
environment that is heavily influenced by the child’s attempts to communicate with her companions
