Task_1_111_42,45,46,51,55 An Uncertain Future From the moment the Chine t foot on American soil, their dreams have been American dreams, they scrambled for gold in the dirt of California. They aspired to own their own land and business, and fought to have their children educated in American schools alongside other American children. Like most immigrant groups, they came here fleeing war and famine, percution and poverty. And like the descendants of other immigrant groups, their children have come to call the United States home. The American of today would not be the same American without the achievements of its ethnic Chine. Generation after generation, they worked to build the American nation to its prent level of greatness. Some fought in the Civil War and built the railroad that welded the country together. Their early struggles for justice created new foundations of law later ud by the civil rights movement. They built American’s earliest rockets and helped win the cold war .In Silicon Valley and elwhere, their contributions helped establish and maintain U.S. supremacy in the information age. Today, they are disperd in every profession imaginable as inventors, teachers, authors， doctors, engineers, lawyers, CEOs, social workers, accountants, architects, police chiefs, firefighters, actors, and astronauts. But sadly, despite this long legacy of contribution, many Chine Americans continue to be regarded as foreigners. “Go back where you came from” is taunt most new immigrants have faced at some point. As one put it, “Asian Americans feel like we’re a guest in someone el痰湿体质怎么调理’s hou, that we can never really relax and put our feet up on the table.” Accents and cultural traditions may disappear ,but skin tone and the shape of one’s eyes do not. 遮住的拼音The features have ead the way for some to regard ethnic Chine people as exotic and different——certainly not “real” Americans. Thus the Americanization of Chine Americans has been overshadowed by the convenient but dishonest stereotypes in the mass market, which portray them as innately and irreversibly different from their fellow Americans. What, in human terms, is the impact of such divisiveness? It’s a native-born Californian, a West Covina city council member, being told over the phone, “Funny, you don’t sound like a Wong. You sound so American.” It’s the virtual abnce of Chine American doctors on medical TV dramas, when in actuality one in every six medical doctors in the United States is Asian American. In June 1999, Ted lieu, a United States Air Force captain who grew up in Ohio and attended college in California, wrote the following for the Washington Post: “Are you in the Chine Air Force?” the elegantly dresd lady sitting next to me asked. For a moment I was proudly wearing my blue United States Air Force uniform, complete with captain’s bars, military insignia, and medals. Her question jarred me and made me realize that even Air Force blue was not enough to rerve her initial presumption that people with yellow skin and Asian features are somehow not Americans. I wish this was just an isolated incident. Unfortunately, too many people today still view Asian Americans as foreigners in America … As an officer in the United States Air Force, one day I may be called to give my life to my country. It would be a shame if some people still question what I mean when I say ”my country ”. Scratch the surface of every American celebrity of Chine heritage and you will find that, no matter how stellar U.S. society, virtually all of them have had their identities questioned at one point or another. Connie Chung, the cond woman in American history to co-anchor a network nightly news broadcast, survived an unwelcoming newsroom atmosphere . Being one of the few women was bad enough, but as she adds, ” In tho early days at CBS, ’ 71 to ’ 76, people were saying ‘Yellow Journalism’——little remarks that were clearly racist.” But as late as 1990, Cliff Kincaid , a radio host in Washington, D.C. , would call her “ Connie Chink” . Maya Lin, now the most famous female architect in the United States, was viciously attacked when, as a Yale undergraduate in 1980, she won a nationwide contest to design the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. “ How can you let a gook design this?娉娉袅袅怎么读” some veterans asked. “How did it happen that an Asian-American woman was permitted to make a memorial for American men who died fighting in Asia?” At the 1998 Olympics, when U.S. figure skater Michelle Kwan finished cond after her teammate Tara Lipinski, the headlines on MSNBC read,” American beats Kwan.” Many Chine Americans were distresd that the media automatically considered Kwan a foreigner when in fact she had been born, reared, and trained in the United States. Four years later, this error was repeated after Kwan lost the gold medal to Sarah Hughes. In a condary headline, the Seattle Times announced, “American outshines Kwan, Slutskaya in skating surpri.” In 1998, when Mattt Fong, a California state treasurer, ran for for the U.S.Senate, reporters asked him which country he would support if China and the United States went to war. Fong was a fourth-generation American and the son of March Fong Eu, the first Asian American and the son of March Fong Eu, the first Asian American woman to rve as a California cretary of state. He lost the race and later told Time magazine, “There is a subtle stereotyping and racism below the surface. “ In May 2001, David Wu, the first Chine American ever elected to the U. S. Hou of Reprentatives, was stopped when he tried to enter the Department of Energy in Washington, D.C. “Most strikingly I was asked a couple of times whether I am a U.S. Citizen or not,” Wu later said. “This was both after I showed my congressional ID and after Ted Liu (Wu’s congressional aide) showed him his staff ID.” In 2001, Elaine Chao, a Harvard Business School graduate who had rved as chairman of the Federal Maritime Commission and assistant cretary of transportation , made history as the first Chine American to accept a Cabinet position when President George W. Bush named her cretary of labor. When her critics attacked her business ties with China, her husband, Senator Mitch McConnell saw “subtle racism,” “yellow fever,” and xenophobic attitudes in the media. Time and again, the question is pod within the Chine American community: How many hoops do we have to jump through to be consider “医院管理专业real”Americans? The episodes of racism do not occur by accident ,in a vacuum. Nor do they ari solely on the basis of physical differences. Throughout American history, and indeed the history of most societies, the ruling class has carefully exploited differences in race and ethnicity as a mechanism of control –as a convenient smokescreen to make their own control more palatable . Racism has often divided and diminished American labor –by thwarting the union of white and colored workers to help them win on issues that affect them all –and has enabled the government to expand its scope of authority during emergencies, such as economic depression or war. At such times, entire ethnic groups can be vilified and sacrificed as scapegoats to rally other people behind a leader’s solution. Such was the fate of the Chine in America on the eve of the exclusion era. | 不确定的未来 从中国人踏上美国国土的那一刻起，他们的梦想就变成了美国梦。他们在加利福尼亚的尘土中争夺金子，他们渴望拥有自己的土地与事业，渴望通过战斗，使自己的孩子与美国小孩一样，在学校里受教育。美国华裔们与大部分移民一样，来这儿是为了逃离战争与饥荒，远离迫害与贫穷。又与其他移民的后裔一般，他们的子孙开始称美国为“祖国”。 如果美国除去华裔们为其取得的成就，那它将不会成为今日之美国。一代又一代的华裔子孙，为将美国建设成当的空前盛况而奋斗。他们为内战而搏，建造的铁路使整个国家融为一体。华裔们早期的正义之战，为随后的民权运动奠定了新的法律基础。他们为美国制成了首个火箭并帮助其赢得了冷战。在硅谷和其他地方，他们的贡献使美国在信息时代建立并保持其优势地位。今天这些华裔分散在每个我们可想象的行业中：有投资者，教师，作者，医生，工程师，律师，首席执行官，社会工作者，会计，建筑师，警察，消防员，演员和宇航员。 可悲的是，尽管这么长时间的贡献，许多华裔在美国仍然被当成外国人。大部分新移民者将会遭遇这样的嘲笑：“从哪儿来回哪儿去吧！”就像有人说的，美国华裔们就像客人一样呆在其他人屋子里，不能将脚放在桌子上，不能得到真正的放松。中式口音与文化传统可能会消失，但我们的皮肤颜色与眼睛形状却无法改变。 42号 这些特性让一些人理所当然地将美国华人视为异类，自然也就称不上是纯正的美国人了。美国大众媒体把美国华人模式化，把他们描绘成与生俱来就与美国人不同，无法改变。因而美国华人的美国化被这种轻而易举但带有欺骗性的模式化蒙上了阴影。 用人类的观点来看，什么是造成这种不和的因素呢？一个在加利福尼亚洲，西柯汶纳的本地委员会成员，有人在电话里对他说：“哇，你完全就像一个真正的美国人，一点儿都没有中式口音。”医学电视剧中美籍华人医生不多，事实上，美国每六个医生中就有一个是亚裔美国人。 1999年6月，刘云平出生于俄亥俄州，在加利福尼亚读大学，在华盛顿邮报上介绍了他做美国空军上尉时的一个小故事： “你是中国空军吗？”旁边一位穿着得体的女士问道。这个问题让我一时说不出话来。要知道我们是在一个颁奖晚宴上，而我正骄傲地穿着美国空军的蓝色制服，佩戴着上尉军衔以及各种勋章和奖牌。因此她的问题使我有些恼怒，也让我意识到就算美国空军的蓝色制服也不足以彻底改变她最初的想法，即亚洲上的黄种人从某些方面来说不算是美国人。节日故事 45号 我希望这只是个独立的小插曲。但遗憾的是，时至今日美国仍然有很多人将美国华裔视作在美国的外国人……屏幕大的手机身为美国空军的一名长官，有一天我或许会被要求将生命献给我的国家。如果有人依然对我所说的“我的国家”代表着什么抱有疑问的话，那将是我的耻辱。 只需对每个中国出身的美国名人有浅薄的了解，你就会发现，不管他们取得了多么卓越的成就，对美国社会有着多大的贡献，事实上他们每个人的身份或多或少都受到过质疑。 宗毓华是美国历史上第二个网络晚间新闻播报的女性联合主持，她在那样一种不受欢迎的新闻编辑室的氛围里挺了过来。作为极少数的女性之一已经够糟了，然而她说：“早期在哥伦比亚广播系统时，71年到76年，我被称作‘黄色新闻佬’——有些话语已经明显涉及了种族问题。”但是到了后期，1990年，有一个叫做克里夫·金凯德的华盛顿广播主持人直接称她为“宗国佬”。 林璎现在是美国最负盛名的女性建筑师，而1980年当她还是一个耶鲁大学没毕业的学生时，她因赢得了在华盛顿举办的全国的越战纪念碑设计方案的征集而被恶意攻击。“怎么能让一个外国佬来设计越战纪念碑？”一些越战老兵质疑道，“为何能容忍一个美籍亚裔女人为在亚洲发生的战争中牺牲的美国人民设计纪念碑？” 在1998年的奥林匹克运动会上，当美国花样滑冰选手关颖珊在她的队友塔拉·利平斯基后面第二个完成比赛时，微软联网新闻的头条报道到：“美国人打败了关颖珊”。 46号 许多美籍华裔对媒体自动将她归于外国人这一举动十分愤怒，而事实上，关颖珊在美国出生，在美国受到教育，也是在美国接受溜冰训练。四年过去，这个错误在关颖珊输给萨拉‧休斯与金牌擦肩而过时再一次重演，因西雅图时报副标题称“美国人大爆滑冰冷门，使关颖珊和斯路斯卡娅相形见绌”。 百合的花语1998年，职为加利福利亚洲的财务长邝杰灵在竞选联邦议员时，有记者盘问他说，如果爆发中美战争，他会支持中国还是支持美国。邝杰灵是第四代华裔，他的母亲余江月桂女士，是首位任职加州政府秘书长的女性美籍华裔。邝杰灵无从回答输赢问题，只得回应时代周刊记者，“在美国‘自由平等’的表面下，还是存在着微妙的俗习陈见和种族歧视的。” 2001年5月，首位被选入美国众议院的华裔吴振伟出席一次会议时竟在华盛顿特区能源部大楼被保安拒之门外。随后，吴振伟表示：“最令我震愤的是，在我出示国会议员身份证明，且我的国会助理刘云平出示了员工证再次证实后，竟然一再质疑我美国公民的身份！” 2001年，赵小兰自哈佛商学院毕业，任职联邦海事委员会主席及交通部助理秘书。她是乔治‧沃克‧布什总统任命其为劳工部秘书后，史上被纳入总统顾问团的美籍华裔第一人。当她的批判者们以她的中国血统为由刁难，赵小兰的丈夫参议员米奇‧麦康奈尔站出来指责了这些“一定程度的种族诋毁”怎么去朝鲜旅游， “黄热病佬”云云言论以及媒体界所持的排外态度。 此类事件屡次三番发生，而后一个问题被抛出，在美国华人社区呼声高涨：到底还要几般俯首屈从才能成为“真正”的美国公民？ 51号 这些种族主义事件并非偶然发生，凭空捏造的。这也不完全是在物理差异的基础上产生的。纵观美国历史，的确，在大多数社会形式中，统治阶级像操控机制一样肆意剥削异民族劳动力——作为一个方便的借口来让自己的控制更容易为接受。种族主义经常分裂和减少美国劳工--通过阻止白联盟和彩色工人来帮助他们赢得那些影响他们的问题--使得政府在紧急情况下扩大其权力范围，如在经济萧条和战争这种时候，整个民族可以被牺牲的替罪羊集会领袖的解决方案背后的人。这是在美国的华人在排除时代前夕的命运。 55号 |
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