二战电影大全The Dark Side of Social Capital: Negative Influence on Knowledge Acquisition and
男性魅力Innovation Performance in Marketing Channels
Rearch Proposal
Abstract
Numerous studies of social capital have focud primarily on its positive effects, overlooking its negative conquences. Built upon Nahapiet and Ghoshal's three dimensions of social capital theory, this paper investigates the negative effects of marketing channel member’s social capital on knowledge acquisition and innovation performance in china. And this paper intends to address the following issues: (1) summarizes the downsides of social capital in marketing channels, (2) explores the negative conquences of social capital from structural, relational and cognitive dimension propod by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), (3) indicates the influences of tho negative conquences on channel member’s knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.
1. Introduction
1.1 Problem statement
春秋战国乱悠悠During recent years, the concept of social capital has enjoyed a sustained ri to prominence among rearchers and a number of theoretical analys of social capital have been published (Coleman, 1988; Burt, 1992). Social capital refers to resource that actors derive from specific social structures and u for pursuing their own interests; it is created by changes in the network relationship among actors (Baker, 1990). Recent rearch has applied social capital in various field, including knowledge transfer and , Tsai, 2001; Inkpen and Tsang, 2005), innovation and creativity), community issues (e.g., Alan, 2006), value , Tsai and Ghoshal, 1998), organization behavior (e.g., Emmerik and Euwema, 2008), as well as , Anderson and Jack, 2002; Liao and Welsch, 2003). Although, social capital has proliferated in management study, most literatures focus largely on its positive side, overlooking its negative conquence (Portes, 1998). Portes (1998) points out that social capital cuts both ways, it may provide the sources of socioeconomic ascent, and among others it has exactly the opposite effect. As for the positive functions, social capital is a source of familial support, social control, and economic resource (Portes and Sennbrenner, 1993); while on the other hand, it can impo constraints and costs (Portes, 1998; Portes and Sennbrenner, 1993). Firstly, the excessive demands on a few successful central actors, which may take the form of “free riding”, will curtail innovation and knowledge acquisition. Put it further, free riding may also damage cooperation and support norms in a network. Secondly, cohes
ive groups or subgroups may relatively parate themlves from the rest of the network, resulting in distrust of outsiders’ knowledge, thus prevent innovation. Finally, the normative pressures of clo-knit group may restrict access to newcomers’ knowledge.
1.2 Statement of the rearch objectives
Accordingly, this study mainly exploits the possible negative influence of social capital on knowledge acquiring and innovation performance in marketing channels.The following tasks will be addresd: (1) summarizes the downsides of social capital in marketing channels, (2) explores the negative conquences of social capital from structural, relational and cognitive dimension propod by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), (3) indicates the influences of tho negative conquences on channel member’s knowledge acquisition and innovation performance.
1.3 Definitions of terms
Social capital: the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possd by individuals or social units (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998).
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The structural dimension of social capital involves the pattern of relationships between the network actors and can be analyzed from the perspectives of network ties, network configuration, and network stability. The relational dimension of social capital concerns the personal relationships people have developed through a history of interaction (Granovetter, 1985). Cognitive dimension, referring to shared reprentations, interpretations, and systems of meaning among parties, manifests itlf as attributes like shared codes or
归纳总结language, shared vision and tacit knowledge.
Marketing channel is a t of practices or activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods, and to move goods, from the point of production to the point of consumption and, as such, which consists of all the institutions and all the marketing activities in the marketing process.
Knowledge acquisition includes all process involved in generating and development of knowledge (Grover and Davenport, 2001).
Innovation performance refers to the proportion of newly established business and the proportion of its sales revenue.
活动铅笔2. Review of the relevant literature
2.1 Social capital
The term social capital was originally appeared in community study, it ud to describe the relationships embedded in crosscutting personal ties which was uful for personal survival and city neighborhoods (Jacobs, 1961). The first systematic contemporary analysis of social capital is produced by Pierre Bourdieu, the French sociologist who defines the concept as the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to posssion of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships (Bourdieu, 1985). Coleman (1990) defines social capital by its function as “private-owned capital property in the form of social structural property. They consist of some aspect of social structures, reside in interpersonal relationships and structures, and facilitate certain actions of actors within the structure”. Portes (1998), who reviews the orig ins and functions of social capital in details, defines social capital as “the ability of actors to obtain scarce resources by virtue of membership in social networks or other structures.” This ability to obtain is not individual property but asts gained through membership in networks. Bad on “structure holes” theory, Burt develops the concept of social capital. According to Burt, the one who occupy the structural holes has information and resources benefits which occur in three forms: access, timing an d referrals. In other words, Burt considers individuals’ social network constitute individuals’ social capital.
Accordingly, the term social capital has been traditionally viewed as the t of social resources embedded in relationships (Burt, 1992; Bourdieu, 1985). Other academicians, however, have broadened the definition of social capital, including not only social relationships, but also the norms and values associated with them (Coleman, 1990; Portes and Sennbrenner, 1993). A comprehensive definition originates from Nahapiet and Ghoshal who define social capital as the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the network of relationships possd by individuals or social units. He elaborates three dimensions of individual’s social capital: structural, relational and cognitive capital. According to SSCI, Nahapiet and Ghoshal' s rearch is the most cited social capital article (476 hits) across business and management subjects (Lee, 2009). A number of rearches has approved and applied this theoretical rearch (e.g., Liao and Welsch , 2005；Tsai and Ghoshal, 1998). Conquently, this study adopts the three dimensions mentioned above.农村致富小项目
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2.2 The downside of social capital
Portes (1998) summarizes the negative conquences of social capital as follow. First,
the same strong ties that bring benefits to members of a group commonly enable it to bar others fro
m access. The group or community closure, to some extent, prevents the inflow of new blood from the outside network, which is not advantageous to the intake of new knowledge and information. Second, group or community closure may, under certain circumstances, prevent the success of business initiatives by their members. While in a highly cooperative and enjoyable community, the intimate relationship results in a substantial problem, “free-ride”. T rust and social capital among members of group or community have become the privileges members obtain resources from each other. Third, community or group participation creates demands for conformity.
Kilduff and Tsai (2003) illustrates that sustaining of relationships require deliberate investment of related resources. Riley and Eckenrode (1986) demonstrate further that establishing and sustaining of relationships in turn would affect people’s welfare, becau some communities can’t afford such an investm ent of resources. Under Chine context, “Guanxi” evolves into the foundation of social capital accumulation, which inevitably requires a large amount of investment In order to keep a sustainable relationship with channel members, manufactures are required to spent time and money to maintain long-term relationships with its valuable retailer, retailers are forced to take special effort in public relationship management
Accordingly, this paper intends to discuss the negative conquence of market channel me mber’s s
ocial capital on knowledge acquisition in three aspects: excessive inputs, freedom constraint and creativity constraint.
2.3 Social capital and Knowledge acquisition
Organizational learning is a process of knowledge acquisition, knowledge assimilation and knowledge exploitation (Argote, 1999). Huber (1991) indicates that an organization learns if any of its units acquires knowledge that it recognizes as potentially uful to the organization. Grover and Davenport (2001) illustrates the process of knowledge management can be reprented as three sub-process: knowledge generation/acquisition, knowledge codification and knowledge transfer. Knowledge generation includes all process involved in acquisition and development of knowledge, knowledge codification involves the conversion of knowledge into accessible formants. Knowledge transfer includes the movement of knowledge from the point of acquisition. Due to the purpo of this study, we focus on knowledge acquisition among inter-organization level.
3. Hypothesis
3.1 Structural dimension
The fundamental proposition of social capital theory is that network ties provide access to resources and information (Liao and Welsch, 2005). Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) points out that the structural dimension of social capital is the pattern of relationships among the network actors. Liao and Welsch (2005) illustrate that the most important facet of structural dimension is the network ties and network structures among network actors. The strength of ties consists of strong and weak ties and is characterized by intimacy and interaction frequency between actors. Portes (1998) points out that strong ties restrict innovation, resulting in network closure and preventing the inflow of new ideas from the outside networks.
