2000年1月第二篇
布鲁西洛夫攻势Questions 1-10
Aviculturists, people who rai birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue
to look for better ways to increa egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the
(5)nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion
of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This
(10)毕业祝福
(15)In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots
and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the
eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural
(20)
act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden
the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, the boxes should be protected from
(25)direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme
temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, cure
place to rest.
题目解析：
11. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information uful for artificial incubation.
解析：文章第一段说鸟商们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率，第二段主要讲了在自然环境下的孵化，第三段主要讲了在人工孵化的时候应该注意的事项，创造一个接近自然孵化的环境，以此来提高孵化率和存活率。因此，文章的主要内容就是自然孵化为人工孵化提供了有用的信息。因此正确选项为D。
12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
解析：文中第1行至第2行"Aviculturists, people who rai birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. " 讲鸟商们还没有学会如何模拟野外环境下鹦鹉蛋的自然孵化过程。下一句"They continued…" 讲他们一直在寻找更好的方法，从这里明显看出，They指的是aviculrurists，单复数一致。正确选项为A。
13. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are
cooler than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
解析：文中第6行至第7行提到"This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching."选项A与原文的意思最为接近，用incubation替换了文中的hatching，但意思并未改变。正确选项为A。
14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are ud to狮子英语怎么读
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick法国队大名单
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
解析：文中第8行至第9行"Nests of looly arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material."是说鸟巢底部松散布置的小棍、石子和泥土等材料使蛋在接触鸟巢时保持较低的温度。因此正确选项为C。
15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loon the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
解析：文中第11行至第14行"As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor ris and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment."意思是说当收集在巢底部的雨水蒸发时，上升的水汽被加热，为孵化环境增加了至关重要的湿气。正确选项为A。
handed
16. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it ris from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
解析：文中第13行至第14行提到"the water vapor ris and is heated by the incubating bird"与A选项意思相符。文中第8行至第9行提到"Nests of looly arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom"与B选项意思相符。文中第5行至第6行提到"Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell"与C选项意思相符。D选项说保持蛋壳温度一直，与原文中提到的"temperature gradient"相矛盾。因此正确选项为D。
17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is clost in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
解析：文中第19行提到"suspend wooden boxes outdoors"，表达的意思是将木头盒子挂在户外。build，建造、建立；paint，绘画；hang，悬挂；move，移动。因此正确选项为C。
18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is clost in meaning to
狗的训练(A) clo
(B) deadly
(C) natural
20字(D) hot
解析：文中第24行提到在寒冷的环境下"the embryo can no longer survive"，那么相似地，在很热的环境下，胚胎同样是不能存活的，文中第25行提到"high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo"，意思就是高温对胚胎的伤害是致命的，因此，这里的fatal应该表示deadly 的意思。正确选项为B。
19. The word "cure" in line 27 is clost in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) die
(C) safe
(D) warm
解析：文中第26行至第28行"Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, cure place to rest"，意思是说应该有足够的材料来避免极端环境对蛋的伤害，换句话说，要确保蛋放在一个安全的环境。因此正确选项为C。
20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
解析：文中第21行提到"a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box"，筑巢的材料能够作为隔热器来抵御盒子底部的低温，可以直接选出答案D。
21. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
解析：文中第16行至第18行提到"Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation"，大多数的商用孵化器对蛋的顶部到底部进行均匀的加热，忽略了鸟类在自然孵化中的方法。因此正确选项为C。
22. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?右眼皮有痣的女人
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) Gradient (line 8)
(C) Incubation (line 15)
(D) Embryo (line 24)
解析：文章的第一句"Aviculturists, people who rai birds for commercial sale"，people who rai birds for commercial sale就是对Aviculturists的定义。因此正确选项为A。
文章翻译：
那些饲养鸟用作商业买卖的鸟商们还没有学会如何模拟野外环境下鹦鹉蛋的自然孵化过程。他们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率。
当鹦鹉在野外环境下进行孵化的时候，鸟巢的温度和湿度是自然控制的。热量从鸟的皮肤传到蛋壳的顶部，而蛋的侧面和底部仍保持较低的温度。这种温度的渐变可能对成功孵化极为重要。鸟巢的结构造成了这种温度的渐变。鸟巢底部松散布置的小棍、石子和泥土等材料使蛋在接触鸟巢时保持较低的温度。同时，这样的鸟巢也是一个湿度调节器，它能够使雨水流入巢的底部，从而避免了蛋和雨水的直接接触。当收集在巢底部的雨水蒸发时，正在孵化的鸟加热了上升的水汽，为孵化环境增加了至关重要的湿气。
在人工孵化过程中，鸟商们将蛋从鹦鹉巢中取出，在实验室环境下进行孵化。大多数的商用孵化器对蛋的顶部到底部进行均匀的加热，这样就忽略了鸟类在自然孵化中的方法，可能还降低了孵化出的幼
鸟的存活率和生存能力。当不使用孵化器的时候，鸟商们有时候将木盒子悬挂在室外，用作放置鸟蛋的巢。在那些天气会变冷的地方，使得筑巢的材料能够作为隔热器来抵御盒子底部的低温是非常重要的。如果在极其寒冷的天气条件下把蛋放置在木质的盒子底部，他们会被冻住，胚胎就不能存活了。类似地，应该防止这些盒子被阳光直射，以避免高温对胚胎的致命伤害。筑巢的材料应该有充足的数量，以避免上文提到的极端的温度状况，并且保证蛋放置在一个柔软、安全的地方。
