1.Cohort model交股模型model for he perception of spoken words propod in the mid-1980s.It assumes a “recognition lexicon" in which each word is reprented by a full and independent “ recognition element”. When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated; this process continues until only one remains active.2. Cohort theory:医院科室 it refers to hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived.
3. Interactive model交互模型It holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. Lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. There interactivity in the form of lexical effect on the perception of sublexical units. In certain ca, listeners’ knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonemes; in other cas, listeners continue to hear phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noi.
4. Construal识解The ability to conceive and portray the same situation in different ways (through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point figure- ground gregation )5. Construal operations识解操作Are conceptualizing process ud in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological process and reasons employed in the interpretation of linguistic expression.6. Figure- ground alignment ems to apply to space with the ground as the propositional object and the proposition expressing the spatial relation configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects.
7. Trajector射体 太太美容口服液means a moving or dynamic figure.8. Landmark路标means the ground provided for a moving figure.
9. Basic level category: is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interaction with subjects in the real world is stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category10. Subordinate level下属层次Is the level at which we perceive the differences
between the members of the basic level categories.11. Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.12. Conceptual Metaphor is a conceptual mapping, not a linguistic one, from one domain to another, not from a word to another13.Blending theory；also known as the integration theory, A cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental space” are integrated via projection into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.
14. SPEAKING交际民族学的研究模式 学车科目一A mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible for the description and analysis of communication behavior: situation, participants, ends, act quence, key instrumentalities, norms and genres.15 Speech community堤岸造句言语社团A group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.
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16 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesi: Our language helps mould our way of thinking and different languages may probably express our unique way of understanding the world. In a loo s
en, this term can be interchangeably ud with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.
17 linguistic relativity语言相对性 similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diver their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity-----a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”. 18 linguistic determinism is a theory which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world
19 The strong version of the theory:refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.20 The weak version :is modified type of its original theory , suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-culture differences thus produced in our way of thinking are relatives, rather than categorical. 脸部皮炎
21 Pidgin 皮钦语 Is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is u
d by people who speak different languages for restricted purpos.
22 Creole: When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language.
23 Diglossia双言制First ud by Ferguson. Two distinctive varieties of the same languages are ud, side by side, for two different ts of functions. It is a matter of formality in nature.24Bilingualism双语现象In some speech communities, two languages are ud side by side with each other having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.
25 Speech act theory: “Speech act theory” was propod by John Austin and has been developed by his student J. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only ud to inform or to describe things, it is often ud to “do things”, and to perform acts. While making an utterance, a speaker is performing three acts simultaneously: an illocutionary act, an illocutionary act, and a perlocutionary act.
最高人民法院司法解释26 illocutionary act言内行为the act of uttering words, phras, claus. It’s an act of co
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nveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the act of saying something: the utterance of a ntence with determinate n and reference. 27 illocutionary act言外行为the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention. The making of a statement, offer promi, etc, in uttering a ntence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it. The act of using a ntence to perform a function such as command, request, etc
