英⽂论⽂
英语医学科研论⽂的格式和要求
阅读导航
⼀：格式
⼆：要求
三、标题与标题页
1．格式
根据医学杂志编辑国际委员会(The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE）制定的《⽣物医学杂志投稿统⼀要求》（The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997）*, ⼀篇⽣物医学科研论⽂（以下简称“论⽂”）应包括以下12个部分：
1．标题（Title）
2．摘要（Abstract）
3．引⾔（Introduction）
4．材料与⽅法（Materials and Methods ）
5．结果（Results）
6．讨论（Discussion）
7．致谢（Acknowledgements）
8．参考⽂献（References）
9．插图说明（Legends）
10．插图（Figures）
11．表格（Tables）
12．照⽚和说明（Plates and Explanations）
以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是⼀篇论⽂必不可少的内容。下⾯分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中“标题”和“摘要”两部分将在以后单元另⾏讨论。
⼆．要求
1）引⾔部分
孕妇能喝凉茶吗
总的要求是：The purpo of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts.**即：说明研究的总体范围和⽬的。
具体内容包括：
A 背景–说明所研究问题的⽬前总体情况或历史（statement of general area or history of problem）;
B 意义–说明研究的意义或必要性（statement of importance or need）;
C 进展–说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究（statement of previous findings, reports or studies）。陈述这部分内容时⼀般要有引⽂（citations）;
D ⽬的–说明本研究的⽬的（statement of purpo of current study）;
E 范围–说明要研究问题的具体范围（statement of specific area of problem to be studied）
⽰例：
In the military, it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualties by immersion in ice-containing water. [背景] This method is highly unphysiologic, becau the condary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction shunts blood away from the skin, which greatly slows heat loss from the body core. In addition, shivering occurs soon after immersion, even though core temperature has decread very little; and this is counterproductive by virtue of muscular heat production. Finally, immersion cooling is extremely unpleasant to the alert patient. [意义]
* 国际上已有500家⽣物医学杂志签约采⽤这个统⼀要求。
** 根据URMSBJ（下同）
Recently Weiner and Khogali [7] have developed a method for cooling hyperthermic patients bad on the principle of vaporization of warm water from the body surface by blowing warm dry air over the skin. Their method is an improvement on previous experience with vaporization of cold water from the body surface. [3,4] [进展]
Bad on their experience, we have utilized the same physiologic principles in treating heat casualties during a two-week period of dert training (44th MAU,CAX
9-82,MCAGCC,29 Palms, Calif.). In addition, we have applied the principles to normothermic volunteers to study the difference of the method and evaluate untoward effects. [范围、⽬的]
2）材料与⽅法部分
暖宝宝怎么贴总的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow the logic in the paper. 即：结果的可重演性、⽅法的可靠性以及前后的逻辑性。
具体内容包括：
A．简要说明研究设计（study design / protocol），如：回顾（retrospective / review），前瞻（prospective），临床（clinical），动物（animal），实验（experimental），活体内（in vivo）活体外（in vitro），原位（in situ）随访（follow-up），对照（controlled），随机（random / randomized），双盲交叉（double-blind crossover），⼈群（population / cohort / migrant），对⽐（comparative），流⾏病学（epidemiological）等研究性质；
B. 详细说明研究对象（subject）情况，包括研究⼈员（student），被研究的⼈（client）和动物（animal）的性别（x）、年龄（age），物种（species），品种（breed）⽣理状态（physiologic
al state）; 微⽣物则要说明其菌株（strain），⾎清型（rotype）及其他区别特性（identity characteristics）；
C. 随机分组分组⽅法（methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups）和选择标准（criteria for admission to study groups）；
D. 详细说明所⽤的药物（drug），激素（hormone），试剂（reagent）和其他化学品（chemical）的名称、商标（trademark）、⽣产⼚家（manufacturer）及所在地（location）；
E. 简要说明测定⽅法（method of measurement），包括名称，引⽂和偏差（variations）；
F. 简要说明统计学分析⽅法（method of statistic analysis）
这部分的陈述程序⼀般为：研究设计→研究对象性质→处理/ ⼲预⽅法→测定/ 观察⼿段→统计分析
除指⽰性说明外，如：“病⼈资料见表1”（Data of the patients are shown in Table 1）“材料与⽅法”和“结果”两部分⼀律⽤过去时表达。
⽰例：
A retrospective analysis was conducted of all adults and pediatric patients (age less than
18 years) who received a prolonged cour of parenteral nutrition at UCLA Medical Center from January 1976 through December 1983. [研究设计：性质、时间、地点、对象] Criteria for patient lection included a minimum cour of a months and development of caculous or acalculous cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy. From 1976 through 1983 136 patients underwent a prolonged cour of TPN at the UCLA Medical Center.
Sixty-two of the patients were found to have gallbladder dia. Cholecystectomy was performed in 21 of the patients before the initiation of TPN, and in 35 patients during or after administration of long term TPN. This latter group of 35 patients forms the basis for this report. [选择标准] Specific data regarding age, x, length of time receiving TPN, underlying disorders, indication for TPN, number of previous operations, preoperative asssment, and the operative biliary procedure, findings and outcomes were all recorded.[研究对象性质]
Patient data are summarized in Table 1. [指⽰性说明] (以下详细说明所选35个研究对象的情况，表格等内容，略)
3) 结果部分
总的要求：This ction tells the reader what happened in your work. Remember: let your results spe
ak for themlves and don’t embellish (leave that for the Discussion ction), 即：让研究的客观结果说话，不要添枝加叶。
人的教育是谁写的具体要求：
1）对所获结果进⾏概述（overview of the results）；
2）说明所获资料或数据的统计意义（statistical significance）；
3）统计⽀持（statistical support），包括图，表，照⽚等（凡⽤图表表⽰的内容不再⽤⽂字详述）。
注意：不要⽤模棱两可的词或短语表述结果，如：“ The results tended to be greater than…”, “… showed no promising trends”, “It could / might be inhibited by …”。
初三大四我爱你⽰例：
Clinical and laboratory findings
Although the findings of abdominal pain, naua, emesis, fever, and chills were prent alone or in combination in 31 of 35 patients (88 percent), the diagnosis of biliary dia was often delayed. The initial diagnosis in five of the ven children less than 6 years of
age was catheter psis. Results of preoperative liver function tests were available in 27 patients. Twenty-five of the 27 patients (93%) had some evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Hyperbilirubinemia was prent in 8 patient (30 percent), elevated alkaline phosphata levels in 25 (93 percent), and elevated transmina levels in 13 patients (48 percent). In almost all the patients, the abnormal results of liver function tests had been noted early after the initiation of TPN and before the diagnosis of biliary tract dia. Either hepatosplenomegaly or laboratory evidence of a coagulation abnormality (prolonged prothrombin or partial thromboplastin time) or both were prent in 19 patients (54 percent). Hepatobiliary scans (HIDA or PIPIDA) were performed in eith patients and were suggestive of cystic duct obstruction in six. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 24 patients and correctly identified biliary sludge, gallstones, or both in 22 (92 percent). Gallstones were documented in two additional patients by oral cholecystogram in one and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the other. The remaining patient was explored with a presumptive diagnosis of cholecystitis without the benefit of any of the diagnostic tests. Although the clinical diagnosis was delayed in many of the patients, a correct preoperative diagnosis of calculous or acalculous cholecytitis was made in all but two patients who were thought to have some other focus of intraabdominal psis. [⽤统计数字说明临床和实验室发现]
Operative findings
(略)
Complications
（略）
Four of the 35 patients (11 percent) died after their biliary operation. Two adults and one child died within 30 days of operation, and a cond child died as a result of progressive respiratory and hepatic failure. He had previously undergone two attempts at cholecystectomy that had to be aborted becau of massive hemorrhage and was being prepared for a third attempt when he died. The other child died as a result of persistent psis and respiratory failure. A 75 year-old patient with previously documented carcinoma of the colon and short bowel syndrome condary to multiple rections for radiation enteritis died 23 days after emergent cholecystectomy for acalculous cholecystitis. His immediate preoperative and postoperative cour were complicated by progressive hepatic insufficiency and renal failure. He died on the eighth postoperative day. Hospital mortality was 24 percent in the 14 patients who required urgent operqtions. [死亡率及死亡原因] 4) 讨论部分
总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem, 即：与先有研究相⽐，本研究有何意义。
具体要求：
A．简要说明研究背景（background）
B．简要介绍总的发现（general findings）；
C．介绍具体要点（introduction of points）
D．与现有发现（若有）进⾏⽐较（comparison in the context of other studies）
E．意义（suggested meaning）
F．结论（conclusion）
G．前瞻研究（future studies）
结论往往是论⽂中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进⾏分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能⼒和英语⽂字组织能⼒。此外，这部分时态⽐较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果（过去时）与分析意见（确定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时）的区别；他⼈研究结果（过去时或现在完成时）与本研究结果（过去时）的区别；普遍适⽤的结论（现在时）与只适
⽤本研究的结论（过去时）的其别等。因此，对于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等词（组）的使⽤以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice)等插⼊语的使⽤就显得格外重要。
⽰例：
Parenteral nutrition is being ud with increasing frequency as a primary source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastrointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the administration of TPN, including a significantly incread incidence of gallbladder dia [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecystectomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder dia in this group of patients, and is associated with significant risks.[说明研究背景，包括意义]
Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbladder dia, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is one of the simplest and safes t of the abdominal operations, and is associated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A review of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is performed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent,
and the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients under the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mortality obrved in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, were far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients who mean age was 29 years. [提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相⽐较]
Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who require long-term TPN that contribute to the incread mortality and morbidity associated with cholecystectomy in this lect group.[以下，作者⽤较⼤篇幅分析了这类病⼈死亡率和并发症增⾼的临床、实验室和⼿术等⽅⾯的原因，原⽂从略]
Bad on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder dia. Obviously, all patients with symptomatic dia should undergo cholecystectomy unless there specific medical contraindications. The operations should be performed in a timely, elective fashion becau delay may result in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increa an already high risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectomy may not be warranted in otherwi healthy patients with asymptomatic gallbladder dia [20], we believe that this axiom
does not apply to patients with TPN-induced gallbladder dia. Out data suggest that the natural history of gallbladder dia in patients receiving TPN is considerably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Bad on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients receiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy should be considered, especially in children without stones who are undergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对结果的分析及与其他研究的⽐较得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容] Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits the results of further studies. [前瞻研究] 5）致谢部分
总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will prent the acknowledgement, 即：致谢词和致谢⽅式必须征得受谢⼈或单位的同意。
6) 参考⽂献
总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既：根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考⽂献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统⼀。现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考⽂献中最常见的5种格式列举如下：
1）Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an incread risk for pancreatobiliary dia. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [标准杂志⽂章] 2）The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical exci stress
testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4. [作者是个组织] 3）Cancer in South Africa
[editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [⽆作者名]
感谢语句
4）Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk asssment of nickel cardiogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275-82. [某杂志增刊]
5）Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor respons. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993; 325-33 [⽆期⽆卷]
7) 插图说明
总的要求：Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a parate page, 既：插图说明要另页双⾏打印。当插图中有箭头（arrow）、符号（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这部分（不是在插图页上）对其⽅向、位置等作出⾮常明确的
说明。
8）插图
总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即：插图要按杂志的版⾯⼤⼩⽐例进⾏压缩；不要把插图拍成照⽚。
9）表格
总的要求：A table should be a totally lf-contained unit of information, 即：表格要作为⼀个独⽴的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注），即使只有⼀张表格也要标Table 1。
10）照⽚和说明
艳丽造句总的要求：与7）、8）部分相同。
三、标题与标题页
1．标题
Titles are to be written to be understood by tho in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同⾏确切研究了什么）
要求：
1）Short and conci（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a ntence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except tho that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.;
2）Informative（信息丰富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
3）Indexing（便于索引）：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the “Key Words” ction of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title.
⽰例：（请根据上述原则说明以下标题的修改的理由）画金鱼>韩雍
1）视⽹膜⼩⾎管变化是冠状动脉疾病的⼀个指标
Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery dia Revid: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery dia
2) ⽤⼤剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞⽩⾎病的初步体会
Original: Preliminary experience in using high do of methotrexate to treat ALL Revid: High do methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia
3) 关于饮⾷中钾含量与⾎压关系的研究
Original: A study of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure
Revid: Dietary potassium and blood pressure
为了满⾜标题写作的上述，有时对较长标题可采⽤副标题（subtitle）处理，如出现：
1) 病例数时，如：对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究
