二Real IE Value工业工程的真正价值
1、On the other hand,today’s IE has at his or her disposal more technology and tools than the IE of 30 years ago could have ever imagined.
另一方面，现在的工业工程师可以使用许多30年前的同行想都不可能想到的技术和工具。
2、If a person los sight of the total job and starts looking at the individual pieces,it comes out a little hairy.
如果一个人不能对整项工作做全面把握而只是将注意力放在个别的方面，则结果将不会令人满意。
3、Problems associated with renaming IE departments to describe their particular function may have more to do with appearance than with the actual job being performed.
将工业工程部重新命名以明确描述其具体职能，其间所出现的问题与其说与实际完成的工作有关倒不如说与问题的表象有关。
4、In fact,even though ABET accredits many IE and IET programs in the United States,there remains much variance and flexibility among each of the programs. 【ABET是工程与技术鉴定委员
会（the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology）的简写。该委员会是美国用来检查和评价各工程类大学全部课程的官方机构，ABET鉴定目的是向公众和工程类毕业生的雇主保证学校的课程满足了规定的最低标准。】
实际上，尽管工程与技术鉴定委员会鉴定了美国的许多工业工程和工业工程与技术项目，但这些项目之间仍然存在很大的区别和灵活性。
6、But if the individual IE will assume the role as a change implementor—not a change follower—broad opportunities are on the horizon.
然而，如果每个工业工程师都承担起变化的实施者而不是变化的追随者的角色，则广泛的机会就会出现。
7、If we’ve got a problem,it’s of our own doing and our own unwillingness to take the lead in a lot of the major improvement activities.
如果我们遇到了问题，这些问题也是由于我们自己的所作所为和不愿意在一些重大的改进活动中承担领导角色所造成的。
三、Operetions Rearch运筹学
Operations rearch,as defined by the Operations Rearch Society of America,“is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best desigh and operate man-machine systems,usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.”
美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好地设计和运作人—机系统的决策科学。
四、Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准
4.1 Perhaps the only thing wrong with the tools is their lack of a buzz word or catchy acronym.
也许这些工具的唯一缺点是它们没有一个能够反映其内涵的响亮的词组或引入的字母的缩写。
家具品牌排行蛋糕制作过程4.2 Human workers come in at least a billion models with varying physical,mental,and emotional specifications and work under varying environmental conditions.
由于身体、精神和感情等方面以及工作环境的不断变化，工人至少可以被分为十亿种不同的类型。
4.3 Standard times are standard times only becau all parties involved agree they are standard times.
标注时间之所以是标准的仅仅是因为相关的所有部门都承认其是标准时间。
4.4 Like any standards system, a computerized standards system won’t help-and can be counterproductive-if it is not kept up-to-date.
同其他的任何标准系统一样，如果不能做到与时俱进，计算机化的标准系统将起不到相应的作用并且可能会降低生产率。
五、Ergonomics 人因学
5.1 Accident proneness implies that there are certain individuals with enduring personality characteristics,who incur a majority of accidents.
事故倾向性指具有某类特性的个体导致主要事故的发生。
5.2 The transformation from a rural,agrarian to an urban,,industrialized lige has come at a cost,and workers are ‘paying’in terms of a tremendous increa in industrial and in terms of worker stress.
从以田园为主的农业经济向以城市化为主的工业经济的转变付出了一定的代价，这些代价是工人显著增加的工业伤害和工作压力的形式付出的。
5.3 Technology transfer from the Western word is important,but must be concerned not only with the adaptation and u of machines but also with the entire infrastructure of training local urs to develop independent capabilities so that they can act freely on the global market.
尽管从西方引进技术很重要，但技术转让的过程不仅要考虑如何使本土使用者适应和使用机器，而且还要考虑如何建设能够培训这些本土使用者的独立能力以便使其能够在全球化的市场中运用自如的整个基础设施。
两者都不的英语5.4 Ergonomics is rather a design methodology that is ud to arrive at safety,productivity and satisfaction.
应该说工效学是一种用来实现系统安全性、生产率和操纵者满意度的设计方法。
六、Next Generation Factory Layouts 21世纪的工厂布局
6.1While grouping resources bad on function provides some economies of scale and simplicity in allocating workloads,it makes the layout susceptipble to manufacturing inefficiencies when there are changes in product mix or routings.
尽管根据能够实现的功能将资源分组能够获得一定的规模效应并能简化工作量的分配，但当产品的组
合或工艺路劲发生变化时很容易造成功能布局的制造效率低下。
6.2Layout design procedures,whether for functional or cellular layouts,have been largely bad on a deterministic paradigm.
无论是功能式布局还是单元式布局，其设计过程大体上都是基于确定性假设的。
6.3 In fact,the relationship between layout flexibility and layout performance is poorly understood and analytical models for its evaluation are lacking.
实际上，人们对于布局灵活性与布局绩效之间的关系的理解很有限而且缺乏用来评价这些关系的分析模型。
6.4 Facility planner had to choo layouts that make material handing efficient not only in each individual plant but throughout the complex. The challenge for facility planners is then to develop a layout and a material-handling system to permit high efficiency at the core and flexibility and reconfigurability at the periphery.
设施规划者必须选择那些不仅在每个工厂内部而且在整个综合企业中就物料搬运来说都是有效的布局。因而，这里的挑战在于如何开发布局和物料搬运系统使得每个工厂在内部都很
有效而在其他工厂的交界处则具有很高的灵活性和可重组性。
演讲课程6.5 They create hybrid facilities consisting of flow-line-like components where they build the common platforms and job shop-like components where they customize the products.
他们建设由通用和个性化平台组成的混合型设施，前者以流水线方式生产通用零部件而后者则用专业化车间的生产方式生产体现产品个性化的零部件。
6.6 Depending on downstream congestion,products can move in and out of neighboring production lines,creating multiple paths,or channels,minimizing queueing and congestion.
根据生产线下游的阻塞情况，产品可以在相邻的生产线之间相互调配，这样就产生了多个生产路劲或通道，同时可以最小化排队等待和阻塞（时间）。
第八、The role of IE in engineering economics(工业工程在工程经济学中的作用)
1.It may em trivial to state that an industrial project must be evaluate in order to justify it.
为了论证某一项目必须对其进行评价，这样一个论断可能显得无足轻重。
2.As a result,management must resort to the “leap of faith” approach to justify new systems that are intuitively sound from a strategic point of view but that are not convincing economically.
结果，管理层不得不求助于“信任的跳跃”以便从战略的高度论证那些直观上感觉可行但经济上不能令人信服的新系统。
3. Armed with economic models tailored to specific technologies, industrial engineers are able to measure, for instance, the cost of flexibility and, in turn, help integrate this figure in accounting cost systems and financial justification models.
掌握了适应各种特定技术的经济模型后，工业工程师就能够对诸如柔性成本等指标进行度量并且能够反过来协助将这些数值与会计成本系统和金融论证模型集成起来。
4. Without going into detail, let’s say that IT has far-reaching implications for firms in general,as its enabling capabilities can significantly modify business process.
简言之，信息技术对一般的企业都具有深远的影响，因为它有能力对企业的业务流程进行重要的修正。
封面素材图片5.Without claiming that engineering economy has solved all problems, it can be said that help in avai
lable.
尽管不能说工程经济学已经解决了所有问题，但可以对问题的解决起到帮助作用。
6.The full-blown typologies give extensive cost classification in terms of discrete vs. periodical costs and in terms of tangible, irreducible, and intangible costs.
这些成熟的成本类型学根据离散成本和周期性成本以及有形成本，既约成本和无形成本对项目中所涉及的成本进行了广泛的分类。
7.Activity-bad accounting came into being as a result of poor allocation methods.
质量低劣的成本分配方法导致了基于活动的会计统计方法的产生。
8.Attemping to evaluate and justify complex and strategic capital investments is far from simple.
评价和论证复杂的战略资本投资方案绝对不是一个人可以单打独斗的事。
第九课系统工程和工程管理
伞兵打一成语一、to develop a system successfully ,engneers must first define the problem
that exsist ,identify the mission requirements of the organization needing the problem to be solved,evaluate high-level concepts for solving the problem,lect the concept that makes the most n in light of the mission requirements, develop an operational concept around the lected concept,create system-level requirements, create architectures and derived requirements for the subsystems……..and finally ,retire the system.
句中must后为一系列的并列结构，详细的阐述了系统开发生命周期过程中需要完成的各项活动。
二、A product platform is an integrated and interoperable t of components that
can be ud to create many different power saws ,sanders and drills.
一个产品开发平台是指一组可以集成和互换的零件，基于这些零件，可以产生多种不同的产品，如，电锯，打磨机和电钻等。
三、Military Standard 499A(1974) defines system eng ineering as “the
application of scientific and engineering efforts to :
这里给出了系统工程的定义：1974年的美国军方标准499A把系统工程定
义为将科学和工程知识用于实现如下功能的应用：
(1)Transform an operational need into a description of system
performance parameters and a system configuration through the u of an iterative process of definition, synthesis , analysis ,design ,test ,and evaluation;
经过从定义、合成、分析、设计、测试到评价的不断反复过程将运作需求转换为对系统行为参数的描述以及系统配置；
(2)Integrate related technical parameters and ensure compatibility of all
related ,functional ,and program interfaces in a manner that optimizes the total system definition and design;
以能够优化整个系统的定义和设计的方式集成相关的技术参数并确保所有相关功能和程序界面相互兼容；
(3)Integrate,reliability,maintainability,safety,and survivability ,human ,and
other such factors into total engineering effort to meet cost ,schedule ,and technical performance objectives;”
在满足成本、交期和技术要求的情况下从工程角度综合考虑可靠性、可维护性、安全性、生命力、人因学以及其他因素；
四、Kocaolgu (1984) defined EM as a field of study in five interrelated动物英语单词大全
categories ,namely:
工程管理的定义：1984年Kocaolgu 将工程管理定义为一个面向如下五种相互关联的管理类型的研究领域。
(1) Management of engineering and Scientists :Motivation ang leadership
in engineering ,technical obsolescence ,communications transition from technical specialty to technical management;
工程和科学管理：研究工程领域的动机和领导、技术的废弃、从技术专业化到技术管理的过度等。
舟山博物馆(2)Management of Rearch ,Development ,and Engineering Projects:
Selection ,evaluation , scheduling and control of technical Projects;
研究、开发与工程项目管理：研究技术项目的选择、评价、规划和控制。
(3)Management of Technical Organizations: Design of technical
