翻译：
1、GIS is a system of hardware，software aad procedures to facilitate the manipulation，analysis，modeling，reprentation and display of geo—referencedcomplex problems regarding planning and management of resollrces，
翻译：gis是一个由硬件、软件和程序组成的系统，便于管理、处理、分析、模拟、表现并显示地理参照数据，从而解决规划和资源管理的复杂问题。
2、GIS technology，integrates common databa operations such as query and statisticalanalysis with the unique visualization and geographical analysis benefits offered by maps．Theabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range ofpublic and private enterpris for explaining events，predicting outcomes，and planning strategies(ESRI)．
翻译：地理信息系统技术将诸如查询和统计分析的常见的数据库操作和地图特有的可视化功能和地理分析优势集成起来。这些功能是区分地理信息系统和其他信息系统的关键，并且对于众多的公共和私营企业用于事件解析，结果预测和战略规划十分有价值(ESEI)。
3、Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking．A projection is a mathematicalmeans of transferring information from the earth’s three—dimensional，curved surface to a twodimensional medium--paper or a computer screen．Mathematically speaking，map projectionsare transformations of geographic coordinates(1atitude，longitude)into the Cartesian(x，y)coordinate space of the map．
翻译：投影是地图制作的一个基本要素，同时也是将信息从地球的三维曲面上传递到纸张或电脑屏幕二维介质上的一种数学手段。从数学上来讲，地图投影就是将地理坐标(纬度，经度)转换为地图的笛卡儿空间坐标(x，Y)。
4、A raster bad system displays，locates，and stores graphical data by using a matrix orgTid of cells such as squares，triangular，or hexagonal cells，or even irregular triangles orpolygons，which are tesllated to form geographical reprentations．
翻译：基于栅格数据的系统采用栅格单元有正方形、三角形或六角形形成了地理表征。栅格矩阵或栅格单元显示、定位存储地理数据，这些，甚至不规则三角形或多边形，这些单元嵌合在一起形成了地理表征。
5、A vector bad system displays graphical data as points，lines or curves，or areas withattributes． Cartesian coordinates (i．e． x and Y) and computational algorithms of thecoordinates define points in a vector system．Lines or arcs are a ries of ordered points．Areasor polygons are also stored as ordered lists of points，but by making the beginning and endpoints the same node the shape is clod and defined．
翻译：基于矢量数据的系统用点、线或曲线、面及其属性显示图形数据。笛卡儿坐标(即光和Y)和坐标计算算法确定矢量系统中的点、线或弧段是一系列有序点。面或多边形也是用一系列有序点储存的，但是起始节点和结束节点相同以闭合和确定图形。
6、Geo-referencing describes the process of locating an entity in“real world” coordinates，establishing a relation between raster or vector images to map projections or coordinate systems．
翻译：空间参照描述了定位实体在“真实世界”的坐标及确立栅格或矢量影像与地图投影或坐标系统关系的过程。
7、Map projections are systematic transformations that allow the orderly reprentation ofthe earth’S spherical gratieule on a flat map．Mathematically speaking，map projections aretransformations of geographical coordinates(1atitudelongitude)into the Cartesian(x，Y)co—ordinate space of the map．
翻译：地图投影是一种系统转换，即将地球球面上的方格网有序地表示在平面地图上。从数学上来讲，地图投影是地理坐标(纬度，经度)到地图笛卡儿(x，Y)坐标空间的转换。
8、first of all ,we need to demonstrate more convincingly that existing spatial analysis techniques can be ud to address important substantive problems of interest to GIS practitioner and that such techniques are capable of providing meaningful insight which can`t be obtained otherwi.
翻译：首先，我们需要更有说服力的证据来证明现有的空间分析技术可用解决GIS从业者感兴趣的重要的实质性问题，并且这些技术可提供其他方式所不能提供有意义的方案。
9、today, a GIS can be defined as a computing application capable of creating stronger
manipulating visualizing and analyzing geographic information it finds . it strongest applications in resources management utilities management telecommunications whom and regional planning vehicle routing and parcel delivery and in all of the sciences that deal with the surface of the earth.
翻译：今天地理信息系统可以被定义为一个集创造、存储、操作、可视化和分析地理信息的计算机应用程序。它广泛的被应用于资源管理、公共事业管理、电信城市区域规划的工具。路由及包裹计价和在所有的处理地地球表所有事物的科学。
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Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
Raster | 1、Simple data structure 2、Compatible with remotely nd or scanned data 3、simple spatial analysis procedures | 1、Requires greater storage space on computer 2、Depending on pixel size，graphical output may be less pleasing 乌云乌云快走开3、Projection transformations are more difficult 4、More difficult to reprent topological relation ships |
Vector | 1、Requires less disk storage space 2、Topological relationships are readily maintained 3、Graphical output more cloly rembles hand—drawn maps | 1、More complex data structure 2、Not as compatible with remotely nd data 3、Software and hardware are often more expensive 4、Some spatial analysis procedures may be more difficult 5、Overlaying multiple vector maps is often time consuming |
| 洗碗机工作原理 | |
albers equal—area conic projection 阿尔伯斯等积圆锥投影
Cartesian coordinates笛卡儿坐标
continuous fields连续字段
coordinate systems坐标系统
data capture 数据获取
data integration数据集成
data output数据输出
data structures数据结构
datum基准面
developable Sulfate 投影面
digital elevation models(DEM) 数字地面模
digital terrain model(DTM)数字高程模型
discrete objects离散对象
ellipsoid椭球体
exhaustive enumeration穷举法
geodesy大地测量学
geoids大地水准面
geo—referenced data地理参照数据
geo—referencing空间参照
gnomonic projection心射切面投影
gravity万有引力
hierarchical file层次文件
information retrieval 信息检索
Lambert azimuthally equal—area projection 朗伯等积方位投影
map projections地图投影
network analysis网络分析
orthographic projections正射投影
overlay叠置
polar coordinate极坐标
projection and registration投影与匹配
raster data格数据
relational file关系文件
run—length encoding行程长度编码
冯友兰简介
spatial data model空间数据模型
topological modeling拓扑建模
vector data矢量数据
Address matching 地址匹配 |
Annotation feature 注释要素 |
Associated attribute 关联属性 |
Attribute 启动光盘属性 |
Ba map 底图 |
Buffer 缓冲区 |
Cartography 绘图 |
Cartology 地图学 |
Census 人口统计 |
Central projection 中心投影 |
Cigitization 数字化 |
Contour line 等高线 |
Convert 转换 |
Coordinates 坐标 |
Cybercity 数字城市 |
Data conversion 数据转换 |
Data table 数据表 |
Databa 数据库 |
Digital elevation model 数字高程模型dem |
Digital orthoimagery 数字正射影像 |
Digital terrain model 数字地面模型 |
Entity 实体 |
Environment System Rearch Institute ESRI 美国环境系统研究所 |
External table 外部表格 |
Feature 要素 |
Feature 要素，特征 |
Geographic feature 地理要素 |
Geographic/spatial information 地理信息、空间信息 |
Georeferenced Coordinate referencing system 地理参考 |
Hierarchical 层次 |
Imagery 影像 |
Layer 图层，数据层 |
Map legeng 地图图例南瓜花卷 |
Map projection 地图投影 |
Mapping 制图 |
Network feature 网络要素 |
Network 网络 |
Object 目标，对象 |
Proximity 领域分析 |
Qualitative 质的 |
Quantitative 量的 |
Query 查询 |
Reference 相关的 |
Relational databa 关系数据库 |
长春有什么特产Relational 关系 |
Retrieval 检索 |
Spatial attribute 空间属性 | 快乐王子的作者
Spatial data 空间数据 |
Statistical analysis 统计分析 |
Thematic MAP 专题地图 |
Theme 主题，图层 |
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