康德的先验观念论——论阿利森为康德的辩护
摘要
先验观念论作为康德先验哲学的基本立场,经常被解读为现象主义或是怀疑主义,这种批评传统从康德的第一版《纯粹理性批判》出版就已经开始,一直持续到现在。针对这种批评传统,阿利森站在认识论的立场上,将康德的先验观念论中最受质疑的显象与物自身的区分问题解读为对同一个对象的两种本质不同的考虑方式,由此试图消解物自身的实在性与其不可知性之间的矛盾,从而为康德的先验观念论进行辩护。
从批评的角度看,斯特劳森开启了20世纪下半叶对康德的批判哲学的分析哲学式的解读进路,并且将其中的“先验观念论”思想分离出去,认为这一理论不仅不利于康德哲学中有价值的“分析论”主张,而且与之毫无关联。先验观念论与现象主义在本质上具有同一性,同时,物自身的假设同样令人质疑。这种传统的批评进路的基本立场是本体论,它将显象与物自身视为两个不同的对象而加以考察,由此对物自身概念提出诸多质疑。
从辩护的角度看,阿利森从认识论的进路上为康德的先验观念论进行辩护与解读,认为依据康德本人的立场和主张,显象与物自身并非两个不同的对象,而是考虑同样的一个对象的两种方式所产生的两种结果而已。阿利森将人类认识的这种性质称为认识的“曲行性”,并由此针对现象主义解读和物自身
的质疑分别进行了反驳,试图消解这些诘难。同时,阿利森将传统批评、理性主义认识论、经验主义认识论统统归结为先验实在论的范围内,并将先验观念论与先验实在论作为了两大根本上对立的元哲学立场,从而为康德的先验观念论辩护。
阿利森的认识论立场具有其自身的合理性和必要性。斯特劳森、盖耶尔等人之所以对康德的先验观念论形成批评和否定的观点,根本原因就在于他们仍然站在了传统的本体论的立场上来看待康德哲学的先验性。这种观点归根结底仍然属于先验实在论的范围,而康德的先验哲学的根基就在于认识的参照系的转变,因此,传统批评不符合康德的本来意图。而阿利森的认识论立场不仅没有否认康德的先验观念论框架下的经验性的实在论,同时还通过一个对象的两种不同考虑方式的认识论解决了先验观念论关于物自身的自相矛盾。认识论立场与本体论立场归根结底属于相互对立、非此即彼的关系,前者始终自觉贯彻康德的先验方法,坚持人类认识的“曲行性”,因而与后者是根本对立的两种解读方式。认识论立场对于康德的先验观念论来说,既符合康德的本意,同时也能够解决先验观念论与经验性实在论之间的统一性。
工作进度不过,阿利森的辩护论证过程中仍然存在着逻辑上的错误和缺陷。这一缺陷在于阿利森过于强调内部经验,对于康德的内部经验与外部经验、内感官与外感官之间的关系问题并没有真正梳理清楚,对康德的“反驳唯心论”的论证之两条路线的解读就是一个例子。
康德的先验观念论中最为核心的观点就是显象与物自身的区分,康德的物自身概念包含着两个层面:对象的层面、主体的层面。前者指向了与显象相区分而言的外部对象,它是引起认识的对象,而后者则指向了认识的依据,具体包含着先验理念、本体等内容。阿利森的认识论解读以及斯特劳森等人的批评都仅仅局限在了广义的物自身概念之中,并没有真正考察物自身的具体的两重含义,因此,他们得出的结论无论正确与否,都并不全面。同时,康德的理论理性与实践理性部分是紧密相连的,物自身中包含着的先验主体等概念在实践理性部分中也占据着核心地位,因此,一种联合性解读对于考察康德的先验观念论是必要而合理的。一方面,这种联合性解读的出发点在于对康德物自身概念的全面解读,必须从认识的对象
与认识的主体两个角度出发为康德的先验观念论进行辩护。另一方面,这种联合性解读的主要论题在于先验与经验的关系问题,并由此寻找康德的先验观念论的依据,从而为先验观念论进行辩护。同时,先验与经验问题的误解是阿利森的认识论解读的主要局限性,因此这一论题的阐明有助于弥补阿利森的论证缺陷。灾难的英文
对联合性解读的具体论证目前还没有展开,本文仅仅就其可能性及主要论题进行论证,目的是试图为康德哲学的当代解读提供一种新的可能性路径。这也就意味着,对康德哲学的解读与讨论没有过时,相反却是一个历久弥新的问题。我们不必完全回归康德,但可以通过阐释和辨析关于康德的先验观念论所引发的一系列争论,重新展示康德哲学的理论价值与当代生命力。
关键词: 先验观念论;分离论;显象;物自身
Abstract
Regarded as basic opinion of Kant’s transcendental philosophy, transcendental idealism is often read as phenomenalism or skepticism. This kind of traditional criticism has been started since the first edition of ‘The Critique of Pure Reason’ was published till now. Aimed at this criticism traditional, Allison reprented the issue of appearance and thing-in-itlf as different ways of considering the same one object in the standpoint of epistemology. In this way, Allison try to dispel the contradiction between the substantiality and agnosticism of thing-in-itlf, so that he can defend for Kant’s transcendental idealism.
In the view of criticism, Strawson enabled the analytic way of Kant’s critical philosophy in the latter half of the 20th century and parated the transcendental idealism from Kant’s whole critical philosophy becau he thought that this theory is not only bad for the valuable “analytical theory” in Kant’s philosophy, but also has noting with it. Strawson considered that transcendental idealism and phenomenology is the same in esnce, and the assumption of thing-in-itlf is also in question. This traditional way of criticism is on the basic of ontology and it consider appearance and thing-in-it
lf as two different objects so that many questions towards the conception of thing-in-itlf is raid.喝茶睡不着
In the view of defen, Allison defended and reprented Kant’s transcendental idealism in the way of epistemology. He considered that in the view of Kant himlf, appearance and thing-in-itlf is nor two different objedts, but the result of two different ways of considering the same one object. Allison called the nature of human knowledge “discursive knowledge” and refuted the phenomenalism reprentation and the query on thing-in-itlf so that he can clear up the interrogations. At the same time, Allison boiled traditional critics, rationalism and empiricism down into transcendental realistic, and put transcendental idealism and transcendental realistic into two opposite philosophy viewpoint at root. In this way, Allison defended for Kant’s transcendental idealism.
Allison’s viewpoint of epistemology has its own rationality and necessity. The root cau why Strawson and Guyer come out negative and critical idea towards Kant’s transcendental idealism is that they stand in the view of traditional ontology to consider the transcendental character of Kant’s philosophy. This question is in the range of transcendental realism at root, but the basic of Kant’s transcendental philosophy is the transformation of cognitive reference system, so traditional critics do not meet Kant’s original intention. However, Allison not only acknowledged the experimental realism under the
framework of Kant’s transcendental idealism, but also solved the paradox about thing-in-itlf in the transcendental idealism through the way of considering the same one object in two different ways. The viewpoint of epistemology and ontology is at root antagonistic to each other and the former always carry out Kant’s transcendental way, insisting human’s discursive cognition so that is totally opposite to the later. To Kant’s transcendental idealism, the epistemological viewpoint not only meets Kant’s original intention, but also can make sure the entity between transcendental idealism and empirical realism.
英语单词快速记忆However, there’s still logic mistakes in Allison’s defen. The cau of the logic mistakes is that Allison emphasized inner experience too extremely and he didn’t clarify the relationship between inner experience and outer experience, and the relationship between inner n and outer n. Allison’s two ways of reprentation of Kant’s “contradiction of idealism” is an example.
The core opinion in Kant’s transcendental idealism is the distinguish between appearance and thing-in-itlf. The conception of “thing-in-itlf” contains two aspects: the aspect for object and the aspect for subject. The former means the outer objects distinguished with the appearance, and the later means the basis of cognition which contains transcendental ideas, noumenon and so on in details. While both Allison’s epistemology reprentation and Strawson’s critics are limited in the generalized
conception of thing-in-itlf and don’t consider the double meanings of thing-in-itlf. So no whether their conclusions are right or not, they are both not comprehensive. At the same time, Kant’s theoretical reason and practical reason are connected cloly, and the conception of transcendental subject contained in the meaning of thing-in-itlf is also the core in the practical reason theory.
On one hand, the unite prentation starts from comprehensive prentation of Kant’s conception of thing-in-itlf, so that we must start from the object and subject of cognition to defen for Kant’s transcendental idealism. On the other hand, the main issue of the unite prentation is about the relationship between transcendence and experience and finding the basis of Kant’s transcendental so that defensing for it. At the same time, the wrong view of transcendental and experience is the main limitation of Allison’s epistemological prentation, so the clarify of this question contributes to making up the flaw in Allison’s demonstration.
The details of unite prentation do not exist right now, however, we just demo nstrate for its possibility and main issues, and the aim is try to provide a new way to prent Kant’s philosophy nowadays. This also means that the unscramble and discussion of Kant’s philosophy is not outmoded. On the contrary, this is a timeless question. We needn’t come back to Kant totally, but we can reappear the theory value and modern vitality by the way of ries of arguments caud by pres
enting and discriminating Kant’s transcendental idealism.
Key words: transcendental idealism; the parability thesis; appearance;
thing in itlf
目录
导言 1
0.1论文选题 1
0.2文献综述 3
0.3论文结构11
第1章康德的先验观念论 14
1.1显象与物自身14
1.2经验我思与先验我思21
1.3对先验实在论的批评27
第2章对先验观念论的批评36
2.1 现象主义37
2.2 可疑的“物自身” 44
2.3 “分离论”新解52
第3章阿利森的辩护 59
3.1 “元哲学” 59
3.1.1 元哲学的立场59
3.1.2 “外部”的双重意义63
3.2 “曲行论” 67
3.2.1 人类认识的“曲行性” 68
3.2.2 先验观念论的形式性72
3.3 显象与现象主义76
3.3.1先验意义的对象76
3.3.2 区分于贝克莱79
3.3.3 补充论证82
密友3.4 物自身与“刺激”问题84
3.4.1 分析与重构84
3.4.2 本体与先验对象87
3.4.3 刺激90
第4章评价与反思94
4.1 认识论立场与本体论立场97施工机械
4.1.1 经验性的实在论97
4.1.2 “范式转换” 105
4.2 一个对象与两个对象109
4.2.1 物自身与时空性110
4.2.2 直观与对象118
4.3 联合性解读之构想126
4.3.1 物自身与“我自身” 127
4.3.2 先验与经验129
结语133
参考文献136
致谢140
错过作文600字导言
0.1论文选题
从20世纪现代哲学开始,观念论(idealism)一直受到批评。英美分析哲学作为20世纪
以来最有影响力的哲学流派之一,就是通过批评观念论从而形成了自己的学说。英国分析哲学的奠基者之一摩尔(G. E. Moore)将观念论视为对独立于心灵而存在的外部世界的否认。涉及到康德的批判哲学,解读者们对观念论的拒斥态度仍然没有止步,对康德哲学的解读分成了正反两个方面:一方面肯定其认识论意义,另一方面拒斥其先验观念论,对其贝克莱式的现象主义以及物自身的假设进行了批评。罗素(Bertrand Rusll)认为观念论没有任何价值,康德的“哥白尼式的革命”指向了这样一种误解,即“命题可以通过被相信而变成真的”。因此,研究康德哲学,需要首先抛开其先验观念论思想,在此基础上去挖掘剩余部分中有价值的思想和理论。这种解读方式在英美康德学界产生了深远的影响,并成为了一种传统。
总体而言,本论文主要探讨的问题是,阿利森针对当代英美哲学界长期流行的对康德的先验观念论的拒斥和批评,所提出的一系列有力辩护。同时,本文还将深入分析该辩护的合理性、理论价值以及对
英美康德研究所产生的影响。本论文的主要意义体现在,通过对上述争论的研究与分析,说明康德式的观念论不仅仅在逻辑上自洽,而且在今天仍然可以为我们提供重要的认识论路径。但这并不意味着我们必须回归康德,而是通过阐释和辨析关于康德的先验观念论所引发的一系列争论,提出新的解读方式,进而重新展示康德哲学的理论价值与当代生命力。
一、康德的“先验观念论”
早上好的日语在哲学的历史长河中,观念论和实在论之间的争论始终是哲学史上的一个重要论题。康德试图超越传统的观念论与实在论之争,提出了“先验观念论”思想,并将其作为自己特有的哲学立场的标识,以期彻底解决知识问题。
近代以来,经验主义和理性主义这两种认识世界的方式之间所产生的争论一方面推动了认识论的发展,但另一方面也导致了严重的后果。认识论问题走向了死胡同,科学知识的基础被撼动,理性本身成为了最大的问题,更令形而上学面临着坍塌的危险。在这种情况下,康德以其哥白尼式的革命,试图通过对显象与物自身的划分超越传统的实在论与观念论之间的争论。康德对于哲学史上以往的各种观念论和实在论进行了批判,并将它们称为“独断论”哲学。为了与以往的“独断论”哲学相区别,康德将自己的先验性的主体性哲学称之为“先验观念论”。在康德的“第四谬误推理”中对于其“先验观念论”这一概念有着明确的阐述:
“我把一切显象的先验的唯心论(即观念论,引者注)理解为这样一个学术概念,按照它,我们把所有的显象均视为纯然的表象,而不视为物自身;而且根据它,时间和空间只是我们的直观的感性形式,而不是作为物自身的客体的独立被给予的规定或者条件。” 总的来说,康德的先验观念论以显象与物自身的区分为主要特征,一方面,康德承认“物自身”的存在,即在感官之外存在着不可知的“事物自身”或“物自身”(Dinge an sich),它们并不在经验的范围内,也就是说它们并没有经过认识主体的先天认识形式的限制,因而它们无法被经验到,所以也就意味着在认识之外;另一方面,我们所认识到的知识是物自身对我们的“显象”(Erscheinung)。康德的先验观念论根本上改变了哲学史原有的样貌,扭转了哲学原有的方向和研究路径:“这一‘革命’的实质,在于转换了认识的参照系,即一种认识的客观、必然与否,不在于认识是否符合对象,而在于我们有关对象的认识是否遵循了我们在纯粹知性概念(范畴)中所具有的内在、先天的思维法则。” 随后论文正文的第一章中将会更加详细地对其进行梳理、澄清与辨析。
二、传统解读与阿利森的反驳
日本学者安培能成将康德哲学比作“蓄水池”,意指康德作为一个承上启下的哲学家,在哲学史上发挥了深远的影响:他不仅仅是过去的哲学思想的继承者,而且又是一