SL (source language): the language in which the text being translated is written.
TL (target language): the language which is being translated into.
ST (source text): the text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a translation.
TT (target text): a text which has been produced by an act of translation.
SL-oriented translation: a translation which puts its emphasis on the clo transfer of the source text.
安静的近义词是什么TL-oriented translation: a translation which puts emphasis on the respon of the receptor of the TT.
卫生间反味Back translation: a process in which a text that has been translated into the target language is retranslated into the source language.
Coherence: the way in which the content of connected speech or text hangs together, or is i
nterpreted as hanging together, as distinct from that of random asmblages of ntences.
Cohesion: the connection between successive ntences in texts, conversations, etc., in so far as it can be described in terms of specific syntactic units.
Communicative translation: a term ud to refer to any approach which views translation as a “communicative process which takes place within a social context”; it will be generally oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient.
Semantic translation: a translation in which the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and mantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce the preci contextual meaning of the author; it tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as cloly as TL norms will allow.
Correspondence: a term ud to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other.
E惭quivalence: (e correspondence)
Faithfulness: A faithful translation is one which bears a strong remblance to its ST, usually in terms of either its literal adherence to source meaning or its successful communication of the “spirit” of the original.
Fal friend: a term ud to describe SL and TL items which have the same or very similar form but different meanings.
Formal equivalence: a term ud to refer to a TL item which reprents the clost decontextualized counterpart to a word or phra in SL.
Functional equivalence: a term ud to refer to the type of equivalence reflected in a TT which eks to adapt the function of the original to suit the specific context in and for which it was produced.
Literal translation: a translation in which the SL 荷花淀作者grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context.
Free translation: a translation which reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original.
Idiomatic translation: a translation which reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where there do not exist in the original./ a translation strategy which aims for a TT which reads as naturally as possible.
Overtranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in translation entails an increa in detail, it is termed overtranslation.
Undertranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in 脱贫攻坚案例translation entails an increa in generalization, it is termed undertranslation.
Pragmatic translation: a term ud to refer to translation which pays attention not only to denotative meaning but also to the way utterances are ud in communicative situations and the way we interpret them in context.
Sen-for-n translation: a translation which emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of an ST over accurate reproduction of the original wording.
Word-for-word translation: a translation胃炎有什么症状 in which the SL word-order is prerved and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Simultaneous interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the interpreter listens to an SL speech and reformulates it in TL as it is delivered.
Concutive interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the interpreter listens to a ction of a speech delivered in SL and renders it into TL when the speaker paus.
Translatability & untranslatability: terms ud to discuss the extent to which it is possible to translate either individual words and phras or entire texts from one language to another.
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