教育心理学chapter5概念
Chapter 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning学习的行为主义理论Behavioral Learning Theories focus on the ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant conquences of behavior change individuals’ behavior over time and ways in which individuals model their behavior on that of others.
Learning: a change in an individual caud by experience.
1、Pavlov: classical conditioning经典性条件作用理论
UCS（unconditioned stimulus无条件刺激:Meat powder）: a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular respon
UCR（unconditioned respon无条件反应Respon of salivating唾液）: a behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus财务交接清单
Neutral stimulus（neutral stimulus中性刺激没有意义A bell）: stimulus that has no effect on a particular respon
CS (conditioned stimulus):a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular respon after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus去广州
吃龙食CR(conditioned respondence): a learned physiological or emotional respon that is similar to the unconditioned respon
Conclusion : a form of learning in which an individual learns to produce an emotional or physiological respon that is similar to an instinctive or reflective respon
弹指一瞬间2、Thorndike: the law of effect效果律联结主义心理学
View most behavior as a respon to stimuli in the environment
Stimulus-respon theory
Stimulus that occurred after a behavior have an influence on future behaviors
Law of Effect: any act that produces a satisfying effect in a given situation will tend to be repeated in that situation. →the conquences of one’s prent behavior play a crucial ro
le in determining one’s future behavior
刺激：食物
反应：触碰开关的动作
3、Skinner操作性条件作用理论
operant conditioning操作性行为--- the u of pleasant and unpleasant conquences to change behavior
自发行为强化行为增加
Focus on the relationship between behavior and its conquences
Skinner Box: a bar, a rat, a food dispenr, water dispenr
If the rat happened to press the bar, it would receive a food pellet. After a few
松狮价格accidental bar press, the rat would start pressing the bar frequently, receiving a pellet e
ach time.
Some principles of behavioral learning 强化的重要性
the role of conquence: pleasant conquences strengthen behavior, unpleasant
conquences weakens behavior
reinforcer: conquence that strengthens a behavior
primary reinforcesr一级强化物: satisfy basic human needs: food, water,
curity, warmth,
condary reinforcers二级强化物: they themlves have no value, acquire
value by being associated with primary
reinforcer---money, grades…
social reinforcers:prai, smiles, hugs, attention
activity reinforcers: access to toys, games, fun activities
属龙今日运势token reinforcers: money, grades, stars
4、Premack Principle
A high-frequency behavior (a preferred activity) can be an effective reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior(a less preferred activity)
Grandma’s rule: first do what I want you to do, then you may do what you want to do
3. immediacy of conquences及时强化缺点：不能中断蛹虫草的吃法
conquences that follow behavior cloly in time affect behavior far more than delayed conquences do.
Teachers should give students feedback immediately.
Immediate feedback rves two purpos: makes clear the connection between behavior and conquences; increa the informational value of the feedback
在塑造新行为方面有利
1.shaping: break down the task into veral steps , teachers guide students toward
goals by reinforcing the many steps that lead to success
Q: what are the examples of shaping?
三倍角公式
Schedules of Reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule定比强化: a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of
behavior. （计件工资制）
Variable ratio schedule变比强化: the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is unpredictable, although it is certain that the behaviors will eventually be reinforced短时间内形成新的行为（a slot machine老虎机）Fixed interval schedule定时强化: reinforcement is available only at certain（Final exam）Frequent short quiz may be better than infrequent major exams for encouraging students to give their best effort
Variable interval schedule变时强化: reinforcement is available at some time but
not at others （Teacher making spot checks of students’ assignment）Strengths of fixed ratio schedule and Fixed interval schedule: for new behaviors, frequent and predictable reinforcer can encourage students
to make more effort to continue pursuing study. They are effective in
