第16单元厄内斯特•海明威
16.1复习笔记
I.Introduction to author（作者简介）
1.Life（生平）
咖啡的副作用Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)was born in Oak park,Illinois.His father was a physician and his mother was a music teacher.He had on the whole a happy boyhood.After leaving school at17,he tried to enlist in the army but was rejected becau of his injured eye.He went to the Kansas City Star and rved as its reporter.Then he was recruited as an ambulance driver working with the Red Cross and went to Europe.This led to the crucial happening of his life.His war experience proved so shattering and nightmarish that his life and writings were permanently affected.
Hemingway was a myth in his own time and a myth in American literature.He was a glamorous public hero of sorts who style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory.His public image was one of a tough guy.He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in1954.
In his later years he often behaved in an odd manner and looked much older than his years.Possibly becau he could not write any more,or possibly becau he could not act out his code,or becau of both and his ill health,he shot himlf on July2,1961.The world was shocked into the disconcerting awareness that,with
his death,an era had come to an end.
火星文非主流句子厄内斯特·海明威(1899—1961)出生于伊利诺州的奥克帕克。父亲是内科医生，母亲是音乐教师。总的来说，他有着快乐的童年。他17岁离开学校，曾试图参军，但因眼疾而未能成行，就到《堪萨斯城星报》任见习记者。后志愿参加美国红十字会组织的战地救护队，在意大利前线当救护车司机。这对他的一生产生了深远的影响。这段战争经历如噩梦一般长期影响了海明威的生活和写作。
海明威是他所在那个年代的神话，同时也是美国文学上的神话。他是星光闪耀的公众英雄，他的写作风格和生活方式受到很多人的模仿。在公众眼里，他是个十足的硬汉子。1954年海明威获得诺贝尔文学奖。
高高兴兴上幼儿园
晚年海明威行为古怪，看起来比实际年龄苍老许多。或许因为其文思枯竭，或许因为他不能实践自己
的行为准则，又或许二者皆有之，再加上疾病缠身，他于1961年7月2日开枪自杀。举世震惊，海明威的逝世标志着美国文学史上一个时代的结束。
2.The Hemingway Code Hero（“海明威式英雄”）
Hemingway writes all his life about one theme,which is summed up in the famous phra“grace under pressure”.He writes this theme together with a Hemingway hero.Hemingway’s world is a world esntially chaotic and meaningless,in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he does even understand.The awareness that it must end in defeat,no matter how hard he strives against it,engenders a n of despair,but the Hemingway hero posss the despairing courage.It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to asrt his dignity in face of adversity.This is the esnce of a code of honor in
which all of Hemingway’s heroes believed.Hemingway’s characters,Nick Adams, Jake Barnes,Frederic Henry,and Santiago are all typical Hemingway heroes.
海明威的一生都在描写一个主题，即“重压下的风度”。他同时塑造了典型的“海明威式英雄”。海明威笔
下的世界在本质上混乱不堪，毫无意义可言。在这样的世界里，人单枪匹马去抵抗他自己都无法理解的力量。他意识到无论自己多么努力，最终还是会以失败告终并导致失望的情绪。但是“海明威式英雄”具备一种绝望中的勇气。正是这种勇气使他表现出大丈夫气概，在逆境中保持尊严。这是所有“明威式英雄”都相信的荣誉的准则。海明威小说中的人物，尼克·亚当斯、杰克·巴恩斯、弗瑞德里克·亨利、圣地亚哥等都是典型的“海明威式英雄”。
3.Major Works（主要作品）
In Our Time(1925)《在我们的时代里》
The Sun Also Ris(1926)《太阳照样升起》
A Farewell to Arms(1929)《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea(1952)《老人与海》
II.Selected works（选读作品）
◆A Clean,Well-Lighted Place《一个干净明亮的地方》
The story happens in a small Spanish café,and it develops among three men, an old consumer,a mid-aged waiter and a younger waiter.The old man is rich,but life is meaningless for him;he fails to commit suicide and drinks a lot so as to kill
time and inanity.The younger waiter is lf-confident,lfish and cannot wait to go home to his wife.However,the mid-aged man has a deep understanding of life;he is sympathetic,knowing that youth,love,and passion are written in water,and they will be replaced with despair and emptiness,and people need courage and lf-esteem,or he can only face the fear brought about by darkness and emptiness with sleep and oblivion.
Hemingway employs naturalism and symbolism in writing of this story.
故事发生的场景是一个西班牙小咖啡馆。情节的发展围绕老年顾客、中年侍者和年轻侍者等三人。老年人富有，但生活对他毫无意义，他自杀未遂，靠酗酒排遣空虚。年轻人自信，自私，急于下班回家和妻子亲热。而中年人对人生深有所悟，因而富有同情心，知道青春、爱情、激情转瞬即逝，代之而来的是绝望和虚无，人需要勇气和自尊，否则只能用睡眠和忘却来填补对黑暗和空寂的恐惧。
车队管理
在写作中，海明威运用了自然主义和象征主义手，寓意深刻。
16.2课后习题详解
威海旅行>潮韵
1.How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story?
Key:The title“A Clean,Well-Lighted Place”refers to the caféin the story,which is very clean and well-lighted.According to the literal meaning,we can find that the caféis very warm and comfortable.People like going there.And the old man, in the story,also likes to have drink there.However,the younger waiter in it ruins such kind of quality of the café.He is lfish and impatient.Thinking of his wife
waiting for him in bed,he refus to rve the old man and drives him away.He thought that one hour is more important for him than for the old man.The younger waiter shows no sympathy for the old man at all,and he is very cold-blooded.The clean and well-lighted caféand the lfish and cold-hearted waiter form the sharp contrast.Thus,it shows the irony of the title.
蛇冲什么生肖
2.Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark?Why or why not?同流合污的意思
Key:I don’t think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark.Becau the metaphorical dark is rooted in one’s heart that no one can free from it,even cannot remove or ea it.Although,sometimes,youth and confidence bring great hope for young people,and with which they foree their bright future,they cannot take good advantage of it,becau that they do not understand life and human beings.As in the story,the young waiter has both youth and confidence,but he cannot understand why the old man wants to suicide,and he also can not anticipate his own future by the old man’s situation. He has no idea that youth is not permanent,and all people will be faced with the universal nada.So,he shows no sympathy for the old man and is impatient to him.His youth and confidence do not contribute to withstanding his metaphorical dark.
3.The older waiter said to the younger waiter:“We are of two different kinds.”In
what way do you think they are different?
Key:They are different in many ways.Firstly,they are at different ages:one is younger and the other is in his middle age.Secondly,they have different life experiences and different understandings of life and people.The middle-aged waiter has went through much more than the younger waiter,and he has a better understanding of life and people,so he can understand more about the old man and his situation.Thus,thirdly,they have different personalities and have different attitudes towards the old man.The elder waiter is kind-hearted and sympathetic.He shows great sympathy for the old man,while the younger waiter is very lfish and he is very impatient to the old man and drives him away from the café.Last,they have different attitudes towards nada.The elder waiter has realized that it is impossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life,and the only thing that he can do is to keep cleanness in his mind and heart.So,he is willing to work late for the lonely old man and help tho who suffer from nada.On the contrary, the younger waiter has not realized nada in his heart,thus he ulessly cherishes his blind confidence.
