Rats and Men
手机十大品牌"Insoluble" Problems
Professor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a ries of experiments veral years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its no and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its no, it finally gives up and refus to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."
思想政治方面密執安大學のN.R.F. 麥耶教授幾年前做過一系列可以誘導鼠產生“ 神經官能症” の實驗。首先
打扫房间的英语
訓練鼠由平臺邊緣跳向兩個門中の一個。如果鼠向右跳，右門是碰不開の，那麼鼠就撞了鼻子並掉進網裏；如果鼠向左跳，左門就打開，鼠就會找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉這一反應時，就改變情況：把食物放在另外一扇門後，這樣鼠要想得到犒賞就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。( 實驗者也可采用其他變化形式，比如用不同の方式標記兩個門。) 如果鼠弄不懂新規則，它每次跳時決不知是會得到食物還是會撞鼻子。最終它就會放棄，拒絕再跳。到這一步，麥耶博士說：“ 許多鼠寧願挨餓也不再做選擇。”黄山攻略
Next, the rats are forced to make a choice, being driven to it by blasts of air or an electric shock. "Animals which are induced to respond in the insoluble problem situation," says Dr. Maier, " ttle down to a specific reaction (such as jumping solely at the left hand door) which they continue to execute regardless The respon chon under the conditions Once the fixation appears, the animal is incapable of learning an adaptive respon in this situation." When a reaction to the left-hand door is thus fixated, the right-hand door may be left open so that the food is plainly visible. Yet the rat, when pushed, continues to jump to the left, becoming more panicky each time.When the experimenter persists in forcing the rat to make choices, it m
ay go into convulsions, racing around wildly, injuring its claws, bumping into chairs and tables, then going into a state of violent trembling, until it falls into a coma.In this passive state, it refus to eat, refus to take any interest in anything: it can be rolled up into a ball or suspended in the air by its legs—the rat has cead to care what happens to it. It has had a "nervous breakdown."
第二步，對鼠施加強大氣流或電擊，趕它，強迫它做出選擇。“ 處於不能解決の難題之中而被迫做出反應の動物，” 麥耶博士說，“ 最後總是落到一個特定の反應上( 比如只4 向左跳)，不顧結果如何都總是做出這一反應……這種條件下所做出の反應便固定不變了……一旦出現了這種固態，動物就沒有能力學會適應性の反應了。” 一旦向左跳の反應被固定下來時，可以讓右門開著，使食物呈現在眼前。可是鼠被驅趕時卻仍舊向左跳，並且每次都愈來愈惶恐不安。實驗者繼續迫使鼠做出選擇時，鼠開始驚厥不安，四下狂奔，弄傷爪子，撞上桌椅，然後渾身劇烈顫抖，直到昏迷不醒。處於這樣の被動情況，鼠拒絕進食，對一切不感興趣：可以把它卷成一團或擒住雙腿倒掛空中——無論怎樣擺布它，它都無動於衷。這時の鼠已是“ 神經崩潰” 了。
真爱酒吧
It is the "insolubility" of the rat's problem that leads to its nervous breakdown, and, as Dr. Maier shows in his studies of disturbed children and adults, rats and human beings em to go through pretty much the same stages. First, they are trained to make habitually a given choice when confronted by a given problem; condly, they get a terrible shock when they find that the conditions have changed and that the choice doesn't produce the expected results;third, whether through shock, anxiety, or frustration, they may fixate on the original choice and continue to make that choice regardless of conquences; fourth, they sullenly refu to act at all; fifth, when by external compulsion they are forced to make a choice, they again make the one they were originally trained to make - and again get a bump on the no; finally, even with the goal visible in front of them, to be attained simply by making a different choice, they go crazy out of frustration. They tear around wildly; they sulk in corners and refu to eat; bitter, cynical, disillusioned, they cea to care what happens to them.户外跑步>卜组词
鼠所面臨問題の “不可解決性 ”導致了它の神經崩潰，而麥耶博士在他對心理失常の小孩和成人の研究報告中表明，鼠和人經曆の各個階段大同小異。首先是兩者受訓練，在面對某
一問題時都習慣地做出某一選擇；然後，發現條件已改變而原來の選擇並不能產生預期の效果時，兩者都大吃一驚；再次，不論是出於震驚、焦慮還是受挫，兩者都會執著於最初の選擇，不管結果，一意孤行；接著，悻悻然拒絕采取行動；而後，在被迫做出選擇時，兩者又總做出最初訓練時所做出の選擇——且再次碰壁；最後，即使目標就在眼前 ，只要做出不同の選擇就唾手可得時，兩者又都由於以前受到の挫折而發狂。他們瘋狂地四處撕抓；或是躲在角落裏賭氣拒食；他們變得辛酸懷恨、不信任一切、心灰意冷，無論人們怎樣對待他們，他們都無動於衷。
Is this an exaggerated picture? It hardly ems so. The pattern recurs throughout human life, from the small tragedies of the home to the world-shaking tragedies among nations. In order to cure her husband's faults, a wife may nag him. His faults get wor, so she nags him some more.Naturally his faults get wor still - and she nags him even more. Governed, like the rat, by a fixated reaction to the problem of her husband's faults, she can meet it only in one way. The longer she continues, the wor it gets, until they are both nervous wrecks.
這是否是一幅誇張の畫面呢 ?似乎並非如此。這個模式反複再現於人生，小到家庭の悲劇，大到震撼世界の國家間の悲劇。為了糾正丈夫の毛病，妻子數落他。毛病越壞，就越多地挨數落。當然他の毛病變得更壞，她就更加數落。像鼠一樣，妻子對丈夫の毛病受一種固定反應の擺布，她只能總以一種方式應付它。她這麼做の日子越久，丈夫の毛病就越厲害，直至夫婦二人在神經上都備受折磨，疲憊不堪。
Again, white people in a northern city, deploring the illiteracy and high crime rate among Negroes, gregate them, percute them (it is well known that the police are almost always tougher on Negro suspects than on whites),and deny them opportunities for employment and advancement.The denial of opportunity perpetuates the illiteracy and the high crime rate, which in turn perpetuate the gregation, percution, and denial of opportunity. The arch for a way to break up this vicious circle taxes the best minds among tho interested in orderly social change: city councilmen, educators, urban planners, Negro organizations, as well as state governments and federal authorities.
