1.经济学：研究资源如何最佳配置使人类需要得到最大满足的一门社会科学。
Economics: A social science that studies how resources are best allocated to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.
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2.微观经济学的基本家假设条件：
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⑴“合乎理性的人”的假设条件：每一个从事经济活动的人都是利己的。
⑵完全信息的假设条件：商业双方都知道对方的信息，也都知道对方知道的信息。（双方可以替代为多方）
3.需求：是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
Demand: The quantity of the good that consumers are willing and able to buy at all possible price levels in a given period.
4.需求函数：表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。
Demand function: reprents the interrelationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the various factors that affect that quantity demanded.
5.需求定律：需求曲线具有一个明显的特征，它是向右下方倾斜的，即它的斜率为负值。它们都表示商品的价格和需求量之间成反方向变动的关系。
Law of demand: The demand curve has a distinctive feature that it slopes down to the right, i.e., it has a negative slope. They both indicate a relationship between the price of a commodity and the quantity demanded that moves in the opposite direction.
6.供给：是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
Supply: The quantity of that good that a producer is willing and able to offer for sale at all possible prices in a given period.
7.供给定律：供给曲线表现出向右上方倾斜的特征，即供给曲线的斜率为正值。它们都表示商品的价格和供给量成同方向变动的规律。
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Law of Supply: The supply curve shows a characteristic slope to the upper right, i.e., the slope of the supply curve is positive. They both indicate the law that the price of a commodity and the quantity supplied move in the same direction.
供求定理：在其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动；供给变动引起均衡价格的反反方向的变动，引起均衡数量的同方向的变动。
Supply and Demand Theorem: Other things being equal, changes in demand cau changes in the same direction of equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, respectively; changes in supply cau changes in the opposite direction of equilibrium price and changes in the same direction of equilibrium quantity.
8.从此不再是一个人均衡：其最一般的意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
Equilibrium: In its most general n, it refers to a state of relative quiescence achieved by the interaction of the relevant variables in an economic thing under certain conditions.
9.局部均衡：就单个市场或部分市场的供求和价格之间的关系和均衡状态进行分析。
Local equilibrium: An analysis of the relationship and equilibrium between supply, demand and price in a single market or part of a market.
10.一般均衡：就一个经济社会中的所有市场的供求和价格之间的关系和均衡状态进行分析。麻辣鸡的做法
General equilibrium: An analysis of the relationship and equilibrium between supply, demand and price in all markets of an economic society.
11.均衡价格：该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
Equilibrium price: the price when the market demand and the market supply of the commodity are equal.
12.市场出清状态：市场上需求量和供给量相等的状态。
Market clearing state: the state in which demand and supply are equal in the market.
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13.需求量的变动：在其他条件不变时，由某商品的价格变动引起的该商品需求数量的变动。
Change in demand: The change in the quantity demanded of a commodity caud by a change in the price of that commodity, other things being equal.
14.需求的变动：在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素所引起的该商品需求数量的变动。
Change in demand: The change in the quantity demanded of a commodity caud by other factors under the condition that the price of the commodity remains unchanged.
15.梦见狗咬别人供给量的变动：在其他条件不变时，由于某商品的价格变动引起的该产品供给数量的变动。
Change in supply: The change in the quantity supplied of a good caud by a change in the price of that good, other things being equal.
16.供给的变动：在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素所引起的该商品供给数量的变动。
Change in supply: The change in the quantity supplied of a commodity due to other factors, under the condition that the price of the commodity remains unchanged.
17.需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
Price elasticity of demand: The degree to which a change in the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good over a certain period of time.
18.弹性e: e>1，表示富有弹性；e<1，表示缺乏弹性;e=1，表示单一弹性或单位弹性。
Elasticity e: e>1, indicating elasticity; e<1, indicating inelasticity; e=1, indicating single elasticity or unit elasticity.
19.影响需求的价格弹性的因素：
⑴商品的可替代性
⑵商品用途的广泛性
⑶商品对消费者生活的重要程度
⑷商品的消费支出在消费者预算总支出中所占的比重
⑸所考察的消费者调节需求量的时间
20.供给的价格弹性:表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
Price elasticity of supply: The degree to which a change in the supply of a commodity responds to a change in the price of that commodity over a certain period of time.
21.需求的交叉价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时引起的另一种商品的需求量变化的百分比。
Cross-price elasticity of demand: The degree of respon of a change in the quantity demanded of a good to a change in the price of its related good over a certain period of time. Or, the percentage change in demand for a good that is caud by a one percent change in the price of another good over a certain period of time.
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