2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题
Section I U of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choo the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot1its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2justices behave like politicians.Yet,in veral instances, justices acted in ways that3the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be4as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not5by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itlf6to the code of conduct that7to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cas8the question of whether there is still a9between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law10having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions11they would be free to12tho in power and have no need to13political support.Our legal system was designed to t law apart from politics precily becau they are so cloly14.
Constitutional law is political becau it results from choices rooted in fundamental social15like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it16is inescapably political—which
is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily17as unjust.
The justices must18doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themlves19to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be en as parate from politics and,20,convincing as law.
1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize
2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless
3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated
4.[A]challenged[B]compromid[C]suspected[D]accepted
5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
英语星期6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone
7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies
8.[A]evade[B]rai[C]deny[D]ttle
9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict
10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards
11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though
12.[A]rve[B]satisfy[C]upt[D]replace
13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer
14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions
葛根粉怎么做16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls
17.[A]dismisd[B]relead[C]ranked[D]distorted
18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable
20.[A]by all means[B]at all costs[C]in a word[D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Come on—Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message,halfinvitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good—drinking,drugs and casual x. But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Ronberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials u the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
Ronberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze ts out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe x among their peers.
The idea ems promising，and Ronberg is a perceptive obrver.Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a riously flawed understanding of psychology.“Dare to be different,plea don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Ronberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertirs,so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Ronberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s prented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of rearch shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we e every day.
Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can lect our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers inthe back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.
21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as__________.
[A]a supplement to the social cure
[B]a stimulus to group dynamics
[C]an obstacle to social progress
我的校长[D]a cau of undesirable behaviors
22.Ronberg holds that public advocates should_________.
[A]recruit professional advertirs
[B]learn from advertirs’experience
[C]stay away from commercial advertirs
[D]recognize the limitations of advertiments
23.In the author’s view,Ronberg’s book fails to__________.
[A]adequately probe social and biological factors
[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C]illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a long-lasting social effect
24.Paragraph5shows that our imitation of behaviors__________.
[A]is harmful to our networks of friends
[B]will mislead behavioral studies
[C]occurs without our realizing it
[D]can produce negative health habits
25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is__________.
[A]harmful
[B]desirable
[C]profound
[D]questionable
Text2
A deal is a deal—except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it wasreneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead,the company has done precily what it had long promid it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since2002,when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to ek permission from state regulators to operate past2012.In2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plant’s licen be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then,too,the company went along.
一生的承诺>关于冬天的文章Either Entergy never really intended to live by tho commitments,or it simply didn’t foree what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collap of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raid rious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and
Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted26to4last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the2002agreement is invalid becau of the2006legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the ca are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legalscholars say that Vermont ca will offer a precedent-tting test of how far tho powers extend. Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state ts its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.
The company ems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it
has nothing left to lo by going to war with the state.But there should be conquences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergy runs11other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another20years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application,it should keep it mind what promis from Entergy are worth.
26.The phra“reneging on”(Line3.para.1)is clost in meaning to_________.
[A]condemning苏轼字体
[B]reaffirming
[C]dishonoring
[D]curing
27.By entering into the2002agreement,Entergy intended to__________.
[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators
[B]ek favor from the federal legislature
[C]acquire an extension of its business licen
[D]get permission to purcha a power plant
老虎石海上公园28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy ems to have problems with its___________.
[A]managerial practices
[B]technical innovativeness
[C]financial goals
[D]business vision
29.In the author’s view,the Vermont ca will test___________.
[A]Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promis
[B]the mature of states’patchwork regulations
[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues
[D]the limits of states’power over nuclear issues
30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__________.
[A]Entergy’s business elwhere might be affected
[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied
[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
[D]Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
Text3
In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be obrved and collected by objective rearchers who u the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge
and interests influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subquent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and lf-deception abound.
Conquently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual rearcher’s me,here, now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike
with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,rearchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess;other scientists u the new finding to suit their own purpos;and finally,the public (including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-arch,not re-arch.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future rearchers.Second,novelty itlf frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as“eing what everybody has en and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody el has thought and telling others what they have misd may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revi,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its______.
[A]uncertainty and complexity
[B]misconception and deceptiveness
[C]logicality and objectivity
[D]systematicness and regularity
32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires_________.
[A]strict inspection
>别挂电话
