教学内容：
我和英语老师Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
细胞质：动力工厂
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the
mass of a cell consists of this mifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the
plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network
of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins,
and other materials needed for cell functioning.
生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜
（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量
的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）
The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and hous the genetic material (DNA) on
chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus
教学名师also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A
pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope parates the nucleus and its contents from the
cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such
as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质
国华纪念中学存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小
分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。
Organelles: Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）
All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle
performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this ction include
ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria,亚洲濒临的大洋
and the plastids of plant cells.
所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，
内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。
The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands.
This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are asmbled
into proteins for export or for u in cell process. A complete ribosome is compod of one
larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand
of mRNA, "reading" the genetic quence coded in it and translating that quence into protein.
Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called
a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the
endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核
糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一
条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。
输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be
either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of
proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also ems to be the source of the
nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋
白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细
胞膜。
SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of
toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum rve as compartments
within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subquently shunted to particular员工转正申请
areas in or outside the cell.
光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。
两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another
广东肠粉图片
membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified2017年属相
and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery el where in the cytoplasm.
运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，
包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble
molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and rve as water rervoirs
and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out
phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).
细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植
物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。
A subt of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive
enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological引起高血压的原因
macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
