《最高人民法院关于适用中华人民共和国合同法若干问题的解释（二）》已于2009年2月9日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1462次会议通过，现予公布，自2009年5月13日起施行。 二○○九年四月二十四日 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释（二） （2009年2月9日最高人民法院审判委员会第1462次会议通过 法释〔2009〕5号） 为了正确审理合同纠纷案件，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，对人民法院适用合同法的有关问题作出如下解释： | Supreme People’s Court, Several Issues Concerning Application of the “PRC, Contract Law” Interpretation (2) Fashi [2009] No. 5 Promulgated by the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People’s Court in the 1,462nd meeting on 9 February 2009 24 April 2009 Public announcement of the PRC Supreme People’s Court The Supreme People’s Court, Several Issues Concerning Application of the “PRC, Contract Law” Interpretation (2) has been promulgated in the 1,462nd meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People’s Court on 9 February 2009. It is hereby promulgated and shall be effective as of 13 May 2009. For the purpo of presiding over cas arising from contract dispute justly and in accordance with the provisions of the PRC, Contract Law (Contract Law), the issues relating to the application of Contract Law by the People’s Courts is hereby explained. | |
一、合同的订立 | 基因枪 I — EXECUTION OF CONTRACT | |
第一条 当事人对合同是否成立存在争议，人民法院能够确定当事人名称或者姓名、标的和数量的，一般应当认定合同成立。但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 对合同欠缺的前款规定以外的其他内容，当事人达不成协议的，人民法院依照合同法第六十一条、第六十二条、第一百二十五条等有关规定予以确定。 | Article 1 If the relevant parties are in dispute arising from the formation of a contract, the People’s Courts shall in general find the formation valid where the names of the relevant parties, the subject matter and the quantity concerned can be ascertained, except where it is otherwi provided under other provisions of the law or agreed between the relevant parties. If any other content other than tho provided in the aforesaid provision is missing from a contract, and the relevant parties are unable to reach an agreement, the People’s Courts shall depend on the relevant provisions such as Articles 61, 62 and 125. | |
第二条 当事人未以书面形式或者口头形式订立合同，但从双方从事的民事行为能够推定双方有订立合同意愿的，人民法院可以认定是以合同法第十条第一款中的“其他形式”订立的合同。但法律另有规定的除外。 | Article 2 If a contract has not been formed in writing or in oral form by the relevant parties, but the intention of entering into a legal relationship from both parties can be ascertained by their civil conducts, then the People’s Courts may find that the contract has been formed in “other means ” according to Clau 1 of Article 10 of the Contract Law, except where it is otherwi provided under other law. | |
第三条 悬赏人以公开方式声明对完成一定行为的人支付报酬，完成特定行为的人请求悬赏人支付报酬的，人民法院依法予以支持。但悬赏有合同法第五十二条规定情形的除外。 | Article 3 If anyone offers a reward by a public announcement to anyone who performs a certain duty , and an offeree asks for reward by the offerer upon performance of the duty , the People’s Courts shall find for such a claim, except where the offer of award falls under the provisions of Article 52 of the Contract Law. | |
第四条 采用书面形式订立合同，合同约定的签订地与实际签字或者盖章地点不符的，人民法院应当认定约定的签订地为合同签订地；合同没有约定签订地，双方当事人签字或者盖章不在同一地点的，人民法院应当认定最后签字或者盖章的地点为合同签订地。 | Article 4 If a contract is entered into in writing, and the venue where the signing has taken place written in the contract is inconsistent with the venue where the contract was actually signed or aled, the People’s Courts shall find that the venue where the signing has taken place is the venue provided in the contract. If no venue is implied or conditioned in the contract, and the relevant parties have signed or aled the contract in different places, the People’s Courts shall find that the last place where the contract was signed or aled to be the execution venue. | |
第五条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，应当签字或者盖章。当事人在合同书上摁手印的，人民法院应当认定其具有与签字或者盖章同等的法律效力。 | Article 5 If the relevant parties form a contract in writing, they shall sign or affix their als on the contract. Where a relevant party has marked his/her finger print on the written contract, the People’s Courts shall find that the contract is legally binding as one that has been signed or aled. | |
第六条 提供格式条款的一方对格式条款中免除或者限制其责任的内容，在合同订立时采用足以引起对方注意的文字、符号、字体等特别标识，并按照对方的要求对该格式条款予以说明的，人民法院应当认定符合合同法第三十九条所称“采取合理的方式”。 提供格式条款一方对已尽合理提示及说明义务承担举证责任。 | Article 6 If a party has produced a standard form contract containing exemption or liability limitation clau, the party shall u special mark such as a note or a sign or such typeface to rai the awareness of the other party at the time of the signing and he/she shall explain the clau as requested by the other party. Where this is the ca, the People’s Courts shall validate the clau in accordance with the provision of “reasonableness ” under Article 39 of the Contract Law. The party that produce the standard form shall bear the burden of proof and show that he/she has made reasonable declaration and fulfilled his/her obligation to explain. | |
第七条 下列情形，不违反法律、行政法规强制性规定的，人民法院可以认定为合同法所称“交易习惯”： （一）在交易行为当地或者某一领域、某一行业通常采用并为交易对方订立合同时所知道或者应当知道的做法； （二）当事人双方经常使用的习惯做法。 对于交易习惯，由提出主张的一方当事人承担举证责任。 | Article 7 Unless it is against the laws or breaches administrative regulations, the People’s Courts may accept “trade customs” under the Contract Law: (1) Any mode of operation that is commonly adopted at the location where the transaction took place or within a certain domain or industry and that was known or should have been known by the other party at the time of executing the contract; or (2) The mode of operation customarily adopted by both relevant parties. In relation to “trade custom”, the claimant replying on it shall bear the burden of proof. | |
第八条 依照法律、行政法规的规定经批准或者登记才能生效的合同成立后，有义务办理申请批准或者申请登记等手续的一方当事人未按照法律规定或者合同约定办理申请批准或者未申请登记的，属于合同法第四十二条第（三）项规定的“其他违背诚实信用原则的行为”，人民法院可以根据案件的具体情况和相对人的请求，判决相对人自己办理有关手续；对方当事人对由此产生的费用和给相对人造成的实际损失，应当承担损害赔偿责任。 二、合同的效力 | Article 8 Where the validity of a contract shall only take effect upon eking approval or registered in accordance with relevant law or administrative regulations, and the party, that is under the duty to proceed with the application for approval or registration, fails to proceed with the application for approval or application for registration in accordance with the requirement of the law or administrative regulation, this shall fall within the ca of “any other conduct that breaches the principle of integrity and good faith” under Clau 3 of Article 42 of the Contract Law, and the People’s Courts shall find that the other party shall proceed with the relevant formalities according to the specific circumstances of the ca and the petition of the other party. And the relevant party shall bear the duty to compensate all loss in relation to all the expens arising therefrom and any actual loss incurred by the other party. II — VALIDITY OF CONTRACT | |
第九条 提供格式条款的一方当事人违反合同法第三十九条第一款关于提示和说明义务的规定，导致对方没有注意免除或者限制其责任的条款，对方当事人申请撤销该格式条款的，人民法院应当支持。 | Article 9 Where the party which provides any standard form contractual term is in breach of the provisions of indication and interpretations under Clau 1 of Article 39 of the Contract Law, causing the other party to be unaware of any term that exclude or restrict his/her liability, the People’s Courts shall find for the other party’s claim to t the exemption/limited clau aside. | |
第十条 提供格式条款的一方当事人违反合同法第三十九条第一款的规定，并具有合同法第四十条规定的情形之一的，人民法院应当认定该格式条款无效。 | Article 10 Where the party which provides any standard form contractual term is in breach of Clau 1 of Article 39 of the Contract Law, and falls within the provision under Article 40 of the Contract Law, the People’s Courts shall find such standard form contractual term to be invalid. | |
第十一条 根据合同法第四十七条、第四十八条的规定，追认的意思表示自到达相对人时生效，合同自订立时起生效。 | Article 11 According to Articles 47 and 48 of the Contract Law, ratification shall take effect upon arriving at the other party and the contract shall take effect upon execution. | |
第十二条 无权代理人以被代理人的名义订立合同，被代理人已经开始履行合同义务的，视为对合同的追认。 | Article 12 Where an agent who has no power of agency enters into a contract in the name of the principal, the principal shall be deemed to have ratified the contract upon performing any of the obligations under the contract. | |
第十三条 被代理人依照合同法第四十九条的规定承担有效代理行为所产生的责任后，可以向无权代理人追偿因代理行为而遭受的损失。 | Article 13 After the principle has, in accordance with the provision of Article 49 of the Contract Law, borne all the obligations that will have arin where the agency authorisation is effective, he/she may claim from the agent who has no such authorisation all the loss that he/she has suffered as a result of the agent’s conduct. | |
元月古诗第十四条 合同法第五十二条第（五）项规定的“强制性规定”，是指效力性强制性规定。 | Article 14金钱诱惑 “Mandatory provisions” under the provision of Clau 5 of Article 52 of the Contract Law refers to vitiating and mandatory provisions. | |
第十五条 出卖人就同一标的物订立多重买卖合同，合同均不具有合同法第五十二条规定的无效情形，买受人因不能按照合同约定取得标的物所有权，请求追究出卖人违约责任的，人民法院应予支持。 离婚协议书三、合同的履行 | Article 15 Where a ller enters into multiple sale and purcha contracts in respect of the same subject matter, and the contracts do not contain any of the vitiating factors under Article 52 of the Contract Law, the People’s Courts shall find for the purchar or recipient where the purchar or recipient cannot obtain ownership of the subject matter as agreed in the contract and pursues the default obligations of the ller. III — PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT | |
第十六条 香港男歌手人民法院根据具体案情可以将合同法第六十四条、第六十五条规定的第三人列为无独立请求权的第三人，但不得依职权将其列为该合同诉讼案件的被告或者有独立请求权的第三人。 | Article 16 The People’s Courts may, according to the circumstances of a ca, list any third party provided under Articles 64 and 65 as a third party who is not entitled to any independent claim, however the courts shall not list such a person as the defendant of the contract dispute ca or as any third party who is entitled to independent claim. | |
第十七条 债权人以境外当事人为被告提起的代位权诉讼，人民法院根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百四十一条的规定确定管辖。 | Article 17 Where a creditor is to initiate subrogation litigation and name a relevant party who is abroad as the defendant, the People’s Courts shall clarify their jurisdiction in accordance with Article 241 of the PRC, Civil Procedure Law. | |
第十八条 债务人放弃其未到期的债权或者放弃债权担保，或者恶意延长到期债权的履行期，对债权人造成损害，债权人依照合同法第七十四条的规定提起撤销权诉讼的，人民法院应当支持。 | Article 18 Where a debtor gives up any right to further credit yet to fall due, or gives up on any guarantee for curing the debt, or willfully extend the performance period of credit that is due, thereby causing damages to the creditor, and the creditor initiates litigation for rescission in accordance with the provision of Article 74 of the Contract Law, the People’s Courts shall support such a claim. | |
第十九条 对于合同法第七十四条规定的“明显不合理的低价”，人民法院应当以交易当地一般经营者的判断，并参考交易当时交易地的物价部门指导价或者市场交易价，结合其他相关因素综合考虑予以确认。 转让价格达不到交易时交易地的指导价或者市场交易价百分之七十的，一般可以视为明显不合理的低价；对转让价格高于当地指导价或者市场交易价百分之三十的，一般可以视为明显不合理的高价。 债务人以明显不合理的高价收购他人财产，人民法院可以根据债权人的申请，参照合同法第七十四条的规定予以撤销。 | Article 19 In relation to “a price which is manifestly and unreasonably low” under Article 74 of the Contract Law, the People’s Courts shall confirm relying on the judgment of a local general operator, taking into account also the guidance price of the price regulatory authorities or the market transaction price at the time and at the locality where the transaction took place, as well as other relevant factors for overall consideration. Where the transaction price does not reach 70% of the guidance price of the price regulatory authorities or the market transaction price at the time and at the locality where the transaction took place, then in general it can be regarded as a price which is manifestly and unreasonably low. In relation to a transaction price which exceeds 30% of the guidance price of the local price regulatory authorities or the market transaction price, then in general it can be regarded as a price which is manifestly and unreasonably high. Where a debtor acquires someone’s ast at a price which is manifestly and unreasonably high, the People’s Courts may rescind such acquisition in accordance with the petition of the creditor taking into account also the provision of Article 74 of the Contract Law. | |
第二十条 债务人的给付不足以清偿其对同一债权人所负的数笔相同种类的全部债务，应当优先抵充已到期的债务；几项债务均到期的，优先抵充对债权人缺乏担保或者担保数额最少的债务；担保数额相同的，优先抵充债务负担较重的债务；负担相同的，按照债务到期的先后顺序抵充；到期时间相同的，按比例抵充。但是，债权人与债务人对清偿的债务或者清偿抵充顺序有约定的除外。 | Article 20 Where the payment of a debtor is not enough to ttle all the indebtedness owed to the same credit which is the aggregate of different amounts of debt of the same nature, ttlement of the debt which is due shall be given priority. Where veral amounts of debt are due, ttlement of the debt which is uncured or the debt which has the lowest amount of curity shall be given priority. Where the cured amounts are the same, ttlement of the debt which is more onerous shall be given priority. Where the burdens are equally onerous, ttlement of the debt shall be made in the order of their due dates. Where they are due on the same date, ttlement shall be made in their respective proportion. Except where the creditor and the debtor have agreed on the ttlement of debt or the order of ttlement. | |
第二十一条 债务人除主债务之外还应当支付利息和费用，当其给付不足以清偿全部债务时，并且当事人没有约定的，人民法院应当按照下列顺序抵充： （一）实现债权的有关费用； （二）利息； （三）主债务。 四、合同的权利义务终止 | Article 21 A debtor shall pay interest and costs in addition to the principal amount of debt. Where his/her payment is not enough to cover all the indebtedness, and the relevant parties have not made any agreement, the People’s Courts shall ttle the indebtedness in accordance with the following order: (1) the relevant costs of actualising the indebtedness; (2) interest; (3) principle debt. IV — TERMINATION OF THE OBLIGATIONS UNDER CONTRACT | |
第二十二条 当事人一方违反合同法第九十二条规定的义务，给对方当事人造成损失，对方当事人请求赔偿实际损失的，人民法院应当支持。 | Article 22 Where one of the relevant parties, in breach of the obligation under Article 92 of the Contract Law, caus loss to the other party, and the other party claims compensation for actual loss, the People’s Courts shall support such a claim. | |
第二十三条 对于依照合同法第九十九条的规定可以抵销的到期债权，当事人约定不得抵销的，人民法院可以认定该约定有效。 | Article 23 In relation to any indebtedness which is due and may be offt under Article 99 of the Contract Law, and it is agreed between the relevant parties that the indebtedness shall not be offt, the People’s Courts shall affirm that the agreement is effective. | |
第二十四条 当事人对合同法第九十六条、第九十九条规定的合同解除或者债务抵销虽有异议，但在约定的异议期限届满后才提出异议并向人民法院起诉的，人民法院不予支持；当事人没有约定异议期间，在解除合同或者债务抵销通知到达之日起三个月以后才向人民法院起诉的，人民法院不予支持。 | Article 24 Where a relevant party disputes the dissolution of a contract or the offt of any indebtedness provided under Articles 96 and 97 of the Contract Law, and rai the dispute and initiate litigation with a People’s Court after the expiry of the limitation period agreed, the People’s Court shall not support such a claim. Where the relevant parties have not agreed on the limitation period for raising dispute and litigation is only initiated with a People’s Court over three months after the rvice of notification for contract resolution or offt of indebtedness, the People’s Court shall not support such a claim. | |
第二十五条 离职员工祝福语依照合同法第一百零一条的规定，债务人将合同标的物或者标的物拍卖、变卖所得价款交付提存部门时，人民法院应当认定提存成立。 提存成立的，视为债务人在其提存范围内已经履行债务。 | Article 25 Where a debtor delivers the subject matter of the contract or the proceeds from the sale or auction of the subject matter of the contract to an escrow authorities in accordance with provisions of Article 101 of the Contract Law, the People’s Courts shall find that escrow is established. Where escrow is established, the debtor shall be deemed to have performed the repayment obligation to the extent of the money escrowed. | |
第二十六条 合同成立以后客观情况发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、非不可抗力造成的不属于商业风险的重大变化，继续履行合同对于一方当事人明显不公平或者不能实现合同目的，当事人请求人民法院变更或者解除合同的，人民法院应当根据公平原则，并结合案件的实际情况确定是否变更或者解除。 五、违约责任 | Article 26 Where any significant change in the objective environment has taken place after the formation of a contract which could not have been foreen by the relevant parties at the time of entering into the contract, and does not belong to any commercial risk occasioned by any force majeure cau, rendering the continual performance of the contract manifestly unfair to the relevant party or rendering it impossible to reali the goal of the contract, the People’s Court shall confirm whether the contract shall be varied or dissolved in accordance with the principle of justice taking into account the actual circumstance, where a relevant party petitions a People’s Court to vary or dissolve the contract. V — DEFAULT LIABILITY | |
第二十七条 当事人通过反诉或者抗辩的方式，请求人民法院依照合同法第一百一十四条第二款的规定调整违约金的，人民法院应予支持。 | Article 27 Where a relevant party petitions a People’s Court by way of counterclaim or defen to adjust the liquidated damages in accordance with Clau 2 of Article 114 of the Contract Law, the People’s Court shall support such claim. | |
第二十八条 当事人依照合同法第一百一十四条第二款的规定，请求人民法院增加违约金的，增加后的违约金数额以不超过实际损失额为限。增加违约金以后，当事人又请求对方赔偿损失的，人民法院不予支持。 | Article 28 Where a relevant party petitions a People’s Court to increa the liquidated damages in accordance with Clau 2 of Article 114 of the Contract Law, the incread liquidated damages shall not exceed the actual loss occasioned. Where a relevant party claims from the other party again for compensation of loss after the liquidated damages has been incread, the People’s Court shall not support such claim. | |
第二十九条 当事人主张约定的违约金过高请求予以适当减少的，人民法院应当以实际损失为基础，兼顾合同的履行情况、当事人的过错程度以及预期利益等综合因素，根据公平原则和诚实信用原则予以衡量，并作出裁决。 当事人约定的违约金超过造成损失的百分之三十的，一般可以认定为合同法第一百一十四条第二款规定的“过分高于造成的损失”。 六、附则 | Article 29 Where a relevant party asrts that liquidated damages agreed is too high and petitions for reasonable adjustment, the People’s Courts shall rule on the basis of the actual loss, taking into consideration comprehensive factors such as the performance of the contract, the extent of culpability of the relevant party, and the anticipated benefits etc, and adjust in accordance with the principles of justice and integrity and good faith. Where the liquidated damages agreed by the relevant parties exceeds the actual loss by 30%, then in general it may be found that the liquidated damages is “excessively higher than the actual loss” as provided under Clau 2 of Article 114 of the Contract Law. VI — SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISION 校医 | |
第三十条 合同法施行后成立的合同发生纠纷的案件，本解释施行后尚未终审的，适用本解释；本解释施行前已经终审，当事人申请再审或者按照审判监督程序决定再审的，不适用本解释。 | Article 30 In relation to any dispute arising from any contract formed after the Contract Law has taken effect, where the judicial proceeding has not come to an end after the Interpretations has taken effect, then the Interpretations shall apply. Where the judicial proceeding has come to an end before the Interpretations have taken effect and the relevant party applies for retrial or it is determined that the ca be retried according to the judicial supervision process, the Interpretations shall not apply. | |
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