THE STATE OF NATURE
1.To understand political power aright, and derive it from its original, we must consider, what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispo of their posssions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.
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A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and the u of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination 工作机会飞镖游戏规则or subjection, unless the lord and master of them all should, by any manifest declaration of his will, t one above an-other, and confer on him, by an evident and clear appointment, an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.
2.This equality of men by nature, the judicious Hooker looks upon as so evident in itlf, and beyond all question, that he makes it the foundation of that obligation to mutual love a
mongst men, on which he builds the duties they owe one another, and from whence he derives the great maxims of justice and charity. His words are:
a)340111The like natural inducement hath brought men to know that it is no less their duty. to love others than themlves; for eing tho things which are equal, must needs all have one measure; if I cannot but wish to receive good, even as much at every man's hands, as any man can wish unto his own soul, how should I look to have any part of my desire herein satisfied, unless mylf be careful to satisfy the like desire, which is undoubtedly in other men. We all being of one and the same nature; to have anything offered them repugnant to this desire, must needs in all respects grieve them as much as me; so that if I do harm, I must look to suffer, there being no reason that others should shew greater measure of love to me, than they have by me shewed unto them; my desire therefore to be loved of my equals in nature, as much as possible may be, impoth upon me a natural duty of bearing to themward fully the like affection; from which relation of equality between ourlves and them that are as ourlves, what veral rules and canons natural reason hath drawn, for direction of life, no man is ignorant.
i.--Eccl. Poi., lib.i.
b)第13组阅读
c)But though this be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of licence: though man in that state have an uncontrollable liberty to dispo of his person or posssions, yet he has not liberty to destroy himlf, or so much as any creature in his posssion, but where some nobler u than its bare prervation calls for it. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or posssions: for men being all the workman-ship of one omnipotent, and infinitely wi maker; all the rvants of one sovereign master, nt into the world by his order, and about his business: they are his property,wlan没有有效的ip配置怎么办 who workmanship they are, made to last during his, not one another's pleasure: and being furnished with like faculties, sharing all in one community of nature, there cannot be suppod any such subordination among us, that may authorize us to destroy one an-oth
er, as if we were made for one another's us, as the inferior ranks of creatures are for ours. Every one, as he is bound to pre-rve himlf, and not to quit his station wilfully, so by the like reason, when his own prervation comes not in competition, ought he as much as he can to prerve the rest of mankind, and not unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, or what tends to the prervation of the life, the liberty, health, limb or goods of another.
3.送书简短清雅赠言And that all men may be restrained from invading others rights, and from doing hurt to one another, and the law of nature be ob-rved, which willeth the peace and prervation of all mankind, the execution of the law of nature is, in that state, put into every man's hands, whereby every one has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such a degree, as may hinder its violation. For the law of nature would, as all other laws that concern men in this world, be in vain, if there were nobody that in the state of nature had a power to execute that law, and thereby prerve the innocent and re-strain offenders. And if any one in the state of nature may punish another for any evil he has done, every one may do so: for in that state of perfect equality where naturally there is no 李宁服装
superiority or jurisdiction of one over another, what any may do in procution of that law, every one must needs have a right to do.
羊毛衫缩水了轻松复原4.And thus, in the state of nature, one man comes by a power over another: but yet no absolute or arbitrary power, to u a criminal, when he has got him in his hands, ac-cording to the passionate heats, or boundless extravagancy of his own will; but only to retribute to him, so far as calm reason and conscience dictates, what is proportionate to his transgression, which is so much as may rve for reparation and restraint: for the two are the only reasons why one man may lawfully do harm to another, which is that we call punishment. In transgressing the law of nature, the offender declares himlf to live by another rule than that of reason and common equity, which is that measure God has t to the actions of men for their mutual curity, and so he becomes dangerous to mankind, the tie, which is to cure them from injury and violence, being slighted and broken by him, which being a trespass against the whole species, and the peace and safety of it, provided for by the law of nature, every man upon this score, by the right he hath to prerve mankind in general, may restrain, or where it is necessary, destroy thing
s noxious to them, and so may bring such evil on any one, who hath transgresd that law, as may make him repent the doing of it, and thereby deter him, and, by his ex-ample others, from doing the like mischief. And in this ca, and upon this ground, every man hath a right to punish the of-fender, and be executioner of the law of nature.
