托福语法第一讲 句子结构
特别提醒：
在做结构题时，要特别注意读题方式。一般来说，出现“，”的地方，要把重点放在句子主体结构一方，而尽量避免介词短语、插入语、分词状语的影响，很多时候，他们对句子主干是没有影响的。
考点1：单句
句子主干成分缺失。最基本和常见的格式有：
VP （主语缺失） 要求：在选项中找出名词（短语）完成句子意思。
S O (谓语缺失)
S+VP (宾语缺失) 要求：在选项中找出可以做宾语的成分。
O （主谓缺失） 要求：在选项中找到可充当主谓的结构。
S VP （修饰成分缺失） 要求：找到主语的定语或是句子的插入语成分。
在做句子结构题型的时候，准确地判断所缺失的成分，名词、动词的词性是至关重要的。
例1：Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists ____ an immediate end to slavery.
分析： (忽 略) ，主语 谓语缺失 名 词 结 构怎么勾引男人
A demanded B they demand
C that they demanded D in that they demand
例2：A few animals sometimes fool their enemies ____ to be dead.
分析： 主语 谓语 宾语 表手段的状语
A appear B to appear C by appearing D to be appearing
例3：_____ have a very keen n of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audibl
e to the human ear.
A While some incts do B Some incts which
C Some incts D That some incts
主语缺失。
考点2：复合句
复合句的基本结构为：
a.Conj.+S+VP., S+VP 主从复合句
b.先行+conj.+S+VP 定语从句
c.V+conj.+S+VP 宾语从句
出题的形式为：
___________ S+VP, S+VP 缺少连词
, S+VP 缺失整个从句
Conj.+S+VP, _______ +VP 缺失主句主语
Conj.+S+VP, _______ 缺少整个主句
Conj.+S+ _______, S+VP 缺少从句谓语
Conj.______ , S+VP 缺少从句主谓
Conj.+S+VP, S+ ______ 缺少主句谓语
例1： ____ have n organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caud by nearby motion.
A That tile fish B Fish C When fish D If tile fish
例2：Comparatively few clues in the United States have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.
A becau then most large cities having
B when did most large cities have
C then most large cities that had
群众文化活动>隧道通风D when most large cities had
攻略：
在做题的时候，如果能够准确地判断含有空格的部分的性质（主句还是从句），缺少了哪一个成分，可将看似很长很复杂的句子化繁为简。
考点3：含有介词短语作状语、同位语结构的句子
例1：According to some critics, the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, its tendency toward over-embellishment and incoherence. (hazard的同位语)
例2：Even as a girl (状语结构) , Fanny Brice knew that performing was to be her life, therter audiences were to be her best teachers.
例3：____ the diffusion of heat upward to the Earth`s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant. (主系表结构；完整单句)
A That B Despite（引导介词短语作状语） C if D When
例4：____ as a territory in 1854 and admitted as a state in 1861, Kansas is at the geographical center of the United States.
A By organzing B Becau organized
C Organized (分词表被动) D He had prganized
考点4：插入语成分
含有插入成分的句子基本形式为：S，沈阳景点插入语成分PC卡， VP
可以做插入语成分的结构有：
茯苓食用方法a 从句
b 形容词短语
c 副词短语
d a /an 名词短语
e 分词短语
f 介词短语
填膺解题时，通常会有下列情况：
① S，插入语结构，____ 。
例：Many gas, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, ____ color or ordor.
A have no B which have no
C not having D they do not hve
② S, ，VP.吃汤圆的作文
例1： Willa Cather,____, gained recognition for her books concerning the American frontier.
A a novelist and Pulitzer prizewinning
B a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist
C a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist who
D was a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist
例2：Mango trees, ____ denly covered with glossy leaves and bear small fragrant flowers, grow rapidly and can attain heights of up tp 90 feet.
A who B which are C are when D which
句子结构总攻略：
不论句子千变万化，其核心内容只有一点，即主语和谓语一定是完备的，并且多个句子合成复合句时一定需要适当的连词。在做题的时候要掌握的原则是：
●浏览句子时即抓住句子主干，判断空格处缺少的成分。
●一个句子中如出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词，其中又没有并列词（如and，or）连接的话，则必然出现从句。
●动词的分词、动名词、不定式等变形不可充当谓语动词，遇到形式像动词过去式的词时，需进一步判断，排除其是过去分词的可能。
●当句子主干（主语、谓语、宾语）全部在题干中出现的时候，空格处填入的通常是形容词、副词、冠词、数词等用来修饰句子主干的词。
●观察句子逗号出现的前后部分，主动筛选有用信息，遇到完整的从句、介词短语、分词短语等与主干无关的成分，可以忽略不看以使句子更加简明清晰。
Exerci:
1 No one knows exactly ____.
A how did speech begin B how speech began
C how the beginning of speech D of how beginning speech
2 Socioligists have long recognized that social tention ____.
A elements from group living B elements of a normal group life
C living are a group pf elements D are normal elements of group life
3 Noi in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, ____ absorb sound.
