地理七上英语中的标点符号
&
Ampersand
&符号代表and，通常只用于名称和缩写。
1. &可用于公司的名称中，但并不适用于政府机构名称：
American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
Securities and Exchange Commission[/indent]
2. 当&在信函中与缩写联用时，通常需在其左右留出空格，而在诸如技术性文档这样需要大量用到缩写的地方，一般就会略去空格：
Such loans may be available at your band or S & L.
The R&D budget looks adequate for the next fiscal year.
3. 连续的多个名词中用到&时，不用逗号：
the law firm of Shilliday, Frar & French
'
Apostrophe
1. ' 用于表示所有关系时：
the boy's mother
the boss's desk
the princess's duties also the princess' duties
2. ' 可用于表示字母、数字、缩写、符号和用作单词本身的单词的复数：
p's and q's
1970's
CPUs
printed three *s
five and's in one ntence
3. 两个或多个单词缩为一个词时，' 表示这种省略：
didn't
o'clock
4. ' 可用于表示对单词中某些字母的故意省略，或只是一种书写上的省略习惯：
Get 'em
Dancin' till die
rock 'n' roll
5. ' 用来表示对数字中某些位的省略：
历史朝代顺序表图class of '95
politics in the '90s
6. ' 用来表示由数字或单独字母组成的动词的变化形式（有时也可用连字符-）：
86'ed our proposal 桥的故事
OK'ing the manuscripts
7. 在缩写后面加上-er后，如果容易引起混淆，则需要加上'，如果不会，则不需要（有时也可用连字符-）：
4-H'er
AA'er
IBMer
身高体重标准计算公式[]
Brackets学拳击
1. [] 用于编者插入的注释、修改、说明，或其他东西，尤其是在引语中：
This was the first time since it became law that Twenty-first Amendment [outlining procedures for the replacement of a dead of incapacitated President or vice President] had been invoked.
He wrote, "I am just as cheerful as when you was [sic] here."
2. [] 用于插入被略去的字母：
"If you can't persuade the P[resident], I'm sure no one can."
3. [] 用于替换原文的插入文字：
The report, entitled "A Decade of Progress," begins with a short message from President Stevens in which she notes that "the loving portraits and revealing accounts of [this report] are not intended to constitute a complete history of Rather [they] imp
act the flavor of the events, developments, and achievements of this vibrant period."
4. [] 用于插入文字对原文的单词有轻微改动时：
群发的我不回
The magazine reported that thousands of the country's children were "go[ing] to bed hungry every night."
5. [] 用于表示对原文的大小写或字样的某种改变：
As we point out later, "...[L]ength can be assd in terms of number of words,..."
They agreed with and were encouraged by her next point: "They have been placed in positions of responsibility without being delegated enough authority to carry out the responsibility." [Italics added.]
对原文作出大小写的改变时，[]是可用可不用的，只有在对文字材料要求非常严格时（特别是法律文本）才是必需的。
6. 在()中的[]起()的作用：
The company was incinerating high concentrations of pollutants (such as polychlrinated biphenyls [PCBs]) in a power boiler.
7. [] 在数学式和化学分子式中与()联用：
x+5[(x+y)(x-y)]
Ag[Pt(NO2)4]
8. 句子中的 [] 前不能有标点，如果需要标点，也要放在]之后：
The report stated, "If we fail to find additional sources of supply [of oil and gas], our long-term growth will be limited."
9. 当 [] 中包含是一个完整的句子，句子后的标点需放在[]内：
[The paw print has finally verified the cougar's continued existence in the Northeast.]
10. [] 与其所包括的文字之间、与其后相连的任何标点之间，都不能有空格。
:
送围巾代表什么意思
Colon
1. : 的可跟从句，短语甚至一个单词，: 可用于引语前，尤其是当（1）该引语很长时（2）该引语是正式声明或特别强调时（3）该引语是同位语时：
Said Murdoch: "The key to the success of this project is good planning. We need to know precily all of the steps that we well need to go through, what kind of staff we will require to accomplish each step, what the entire project will cost, and when we can expect completion."
The inscription reads: "Here lies one who name was writ in water."
In respon, he had this to say: "No one knows better than I do that changes will have to be made soon."
2. : 用于分隔参考页码、书目、圣经引文和时间与比率中：
Journal of the American Medical Association 48:356
人欢喜
Stendhal, Love (New York: Penguin, 1975)
John 4:10
8:
a ration of 3:5
3. : 用于分隔标题与副标题（书）
The Tragic Dynasty: A history of the Romanovs
4. 以空格隔开的:用于连接相反或相对的术语[$raquo]呵呵，是不是想起了GRE的类比题？ [$laquo]：
The budget shows an unfavorable difference in rearch : advertising dollars.
5. 在正式信函中，: 用于称呼语后：
Dear Mrs. Wright:
Dear Laurence:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
To whom it may concerns:
6. 用于备忘录、政府信函标题和正式商业信件的标题行：
TO: VIA:
SUBJECT: REFERENCE:
7. 用于商业信件中分隔作者/授权者/打字员首字母缩写：
WAL:jml
WAL:WEB:jml
8. 用于商业信件中分隔抄送/密送和收信人
cc:RSP bcc:MWK
9. : 要放在引号和括号之外：
There's only one thing wrong with "Harold's Indiscretion": it's not funny.
I quote from the first edition of Springtime in Savannah (published in 1952):
10. : 用于数字中间时，前后都不能有空格
9:
a ration of 2:4
11. 在商业信件中，签名行、抄送后缩写名前的:的前后都不能有空格，抄送后的收信人为全名时，: 后需跟一个空格：
FCM:hg
cc:FCM
cc: Mr. Johnson
,
Comma
最常用的标点。没什么特别要写的。
