OHSMS and Safety Culture
What is an occupational health and safety management system(OHSMS）？One difficultly in evaluating the effectiveness of OHSMS lies in the different meanings given to the team .Finding agreement upon criteria for effectiveness, or methods of measure-ment and evaluation is especially hard where basic disagreement exists upon what an OHSMS .
1、The General Characteristics Of an OHSMS
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All OHSMS owe something to the legacy of general system theory. Systems theory suggests that there should be four general requirements for an OHSMS, although how there requirements are met in practice allows for considerable diversity。 The four general requirements are as follows。
1）System objectives。
2）Specification of system elements and their inter-relationship； not all systems need have the same elements.
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3）Determining the relationship of the OHSMS to other systems (including the general management system， and the regulatory system , but also technology and work organization ）。
4）Requirements for system maintenance （which may be internal， linked to a review pha ， or external ， linked for example to industry policies that support OHS best practice； system maintenance may vary between systems)。
Several Australian authorities upon OHSMS have given definitions broadly consistent with the general system requirements。 Thus Bottomley notes what makes an OHSMS a system “is the deliberate linking and quencing of process to achieve specific objectives and to create a repeatable and identifiable way of managing OHS。 Corrective actions … (are also )central to a systematic approach 。”
Warwick Pear also emphasis systemic linkages， defining an OHSMS as “distinct elements which cover the key range of activities required to manage occupational health and safety. The are inter—linked, and the whole thing is driven by feedback loops。”
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Similarly, Gallagher defines an OHSMS as “…a combination of the planning and review, the management organization arrangements, the consultative arrangements， and the specific program elements that work together in an integrated way to improve health and safety performance。”
2、Voluntary Or Mandatory Implementation Methods
邓世昌的英雄事迹One way that OHSMS differ aris from the various methods of implementation。 Frick and Wren distinguish three types-voluntary, mandatory and hybird。 Voluntary systems exist where enterpris adopt OHSMS on their owe volition。 Often this is to implement strategic objectives relating to employee welfare or good corporate citizenship, although there may be other motives such as reducing insurance costs. In contrast， mandatory systems have evolved in a number of European countries where legislation requires adoption of a risk asssment system。 Quasimandatory methods may also exist where external commercial pressures take the place of legislative requirements. Thus many business adopt OHSMS to comply with the requirements of customers and suppliers，
principal contractors and other commercial bodies。 Hybrid methods are said to entail a mixture of voluntary motives and legislative requirements. 希望你能幸福
3. Management Systems or Systematic Management
Following from their distinction between voluntary and mandatory OHSMS, Frick and Wren also parate occupational health and safety “management systems", and the “management systems” of occupational health and safety。 Specifically ,the former have been characterized as: market—bad， promoted typically by consulting firms, and with usually highly formalized prescriptions on how to integrate OHSM within large and complex organizations and also comprehensive demands on documentation.
慎终追远This “management systems” from must meet stringent criteria。 Where the requirements of a “systems" are not met， then the term is said to be inapplicable. On the other hand， “systematic management” is described as “… a limited number of mandated principles for a systematic management of OHS， applicable to all types of employers including the small ones”.
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This approach stems from methods of regulation found in Europe as well as Australia, where business, including smaller ones, are encouraged or required to comply with a less demanding framework than “management systems". One example of this simpler regulatory framework might be the risk asssment principles within the 1989/391 European Union Framework Directive.
Support for such a loo approach to OHSM also exists in Australia. One employer expert on OHS defined systems simply as “just a word for what you do to manage safety"。 Consistent with this is Bottomley's all—encompassing approach which allows that “…an OHSMS can be simple or complex, it can be highly documented or sparingly described， and it can be home grown or bad on an available model”. An example of a relatively simple “systematic”approach to the management of occupational health and safety is to be found in “Small Business Safety Solutions”-a booklet for small business published by the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry。
