修辞与修辞的翻译
一、思考题
1.翻译成汉语
happy as a cow
Love and cough cannot be hid.
The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul.
First lady of Priorities and Proprieties.
Blood spilled on both sides.
2.选择题
(1) 这年轻人强壮如牛。
译文：
A. The young man is as strong as a hor.
B. The young man is as strong as an ox.
C. The young man is as strong as a tiger.
2. 比较分析以下英汉两段文章，总结出它们在使用修辞格方面的显著特点以及在翻译的时候，这些辞格应该采取哪种翻译方法。
①英语文章
Address at Gettysburg
By Abraham Lincoln Fourscore and ven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedic
ate a portion of that field as a final resting place for tho who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger n, we cannot dedicate—we cannot concrate—we cannot hallow—this ground.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have concrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from the honored dead we take incread devotion to that cau for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
参考译文：八十七年前，我们的先辈在这块大路上创建了一个新的国度。她孕育于自由之中，奉行一切生生来平等的原则。
现在，我们正从事于一场伟大的内战，以考验这个国家，或者说，以考验任何孕育于自由并奉行上述
原则的国家能否长久生存。我们聚集在这场战争中的一个伟大的战场上。我们在此集会，是为了把这战场的一部分奉献给那些为这个国家的生存而献身的烈士，作为他们的最后安息之地。我们这样做，是理所当然、恰如其分的。
但是，从更为广泛的意义上来说，我们无法奉献，无法圣化、无法神话这块土地。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇敢的生者与死者已经将这块土地圣化，这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。全世界不会注意，也不会长久记住我们今天在这里所讲话。但是，全世界永远不会忘记这些勇士在这里做过的事。对我们这些活着的人来说，倒是应该把自己奉献于勇士们以崇高的精神向前推进而尚未完成的事业，应该把自己奉献于依然摆在我们面前的伟大任务----我们要从这些可敬死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们为之献出全部忠诚的事业；我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让烈士们的鲜血白流；要在上帝的保佑下，使我们的国家爱获得自由的新生；要使我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。
②汉语文章
春（朱自清）
盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。
一切都像刚睡醒的样子，欣欣然张开了眼。山朗润起来了，水长起来了，太阳的脸红起来了。易特网
小草偷偷地从土里钻出来，嫩嫩的，绿绿的。园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。坐着，躺着，打两个滚，踢几脚球，赛几趟跑，捉几回迷藏。风轻悄悄的，草绵软软的。
桃树、杏树、梨树，你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。红的像火，粉的像霞，白的像雪。花里带着甜味，闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。野花遍地是：杂样儿，有名字的，没名字的，散在花丛里，像眼睛，像星星，还眨呀眨的。
―吹面不寒杨柳风‖，不错的，像母亲的手抚摸着你。风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息，混着青草味，还有各种花的香，都在微微润湿的空气里酝酿。鸟儿将窠巢安在繁花嫩叶当中，高兴起来了，呼朋引伴地卖弄清脆的喉咙，唱出宛转的曲子，与轻风流水应和着。牛背上牧童的短笛，这时候也成天在嘹亮地响。
雨是最寻常的，一下就是三两天。可别恼。看，像牛毛，像花针，像细丝，密密地斜织着，人家屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。树叶子却绿得发亮，小草也青得逼你的眼。傍晚时候，上灯了，一点点黄晕的光，烘托出一片这安静而和平的夜。乡下去，小路上，石桥边，撑起伞慢慢走着的人；还有地里工作的农夫，披着蓑，戴着笠的。他们的草屋，稀稀疏疏的在雨里静默着。
天上风筝渐渐多了，地上孩子也多了。城里乡下，家家户户，老老小小，他们也赶趟儿似的，一个个
都出来了。舒活舒活筋骨，抖擞抖擞精神，各做各的一份事去，―一年之计在于春‖；刚起头儿，有的是工夫，有的是希望。
春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。
春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。
春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，他领着我们上前去。
参考译文：
朱自清——春
盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。
I wonder, and wonder, the east wind comes. The spring is coming.
一切都象刚睡醒的样子，欣欣然张开了眼。山朗润起来了，水涨起来了，太阳的脸红起来了。Everything is awake. They open their eyes. The mountains become green, the water rising. The sun's face gets red.
小草偷偷地从土里钻出来，嫩嫩的，绿绿的。园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。坐着，躺着，打两个滚，踢几脚球，赛几趟跑，捉几回迷藏。风轻悄悄的，草软绵绵的。
The grass grow from the ground, it’s green and gentle. There is much in the garden and field. Some are sitting, some lying, some rolling, some playing balls, some running, and some hiding. The wind is quiet and the grass is soft.
桃树、杏树、梨树，你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。红的象火，粉的象霞，白的象雪。花里带着甜味儿；闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。野花遍地是：杂样儿，有名字的，没名字的，散在草丛里象眼睛，象星星，还眨呀眨的。
Peach trees and pear trees, are also growing flowers .They are red like fire, pink like cloud, white like snow. The flowers are sweet. Clo our eyes, the trees perhaps have the nuts. They are very different, some have name, and some do not. They are like the eyes and stars, twinkling and twinkling.
―吹面不寒杨柳风‖，不错的，象母亲的手抚摸着你。风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息，混着青草味儿，还有各种花的香，都在微微润湿的空气里酝酿。鸟儿将巢安在繁花嫩叶当中，高兴起来了，呼朋引伴
地卖弄清脆的喉咙，唱出宛转的曲子，跟轻风流水应和着。牛背上牧童的短笛，这时候也成天嘹亮地响着。
"The wind blows ", like mum's hand which is touching you. It has some nice smell which is mixed with the grass and flowers; they are all blown in the air. The birds make the nests in the flowers, when they are happy, they will meet their friends, and sing beautiful songs. The songs follow the river. The cowboy is blowing his flute all day long.
雨是最寻常的，一下就是三两天。可别恼。看，像牛毛，像花针，像细丝，密密地斜织着，人家屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。树叶子却绿得发亮，小草也青得逼你的眼。傍晚时候，上灯了，一点点黄晕的光，烘托出一片安静而和平的夜。乡下去，小路上，石桥边，撑起伞慢慢走着的人；还有地里工作的农夫，披着蓑，戴着笠的。他们的草屋，稀稀疏疏的在雨里静默着。 The rain always happens, and rain some days. Don't be sad. Look, it is like the string, zip and string. Some body's roofs have some fog. But the leaves are all green. The grass is green, too. In the evening, we open the light; a little light can shine a quiet and peaceful night. In the countryside, on the road, beside the bridges, there are some people who take the umbrella. There are also some farmers. Their hous are only a few in the rain.
天上风筝渐渐多了，地上孩子也多了。城里乡下，家家户户，老老小小，也都赶趟儿似的，一个个都出来了。舒活舒活筋骨，抖擞抖擞精神，各做各的一份事儿去。―一年之计在于春‖刚起头儿，有的是工夫，有的是希望。
There are many kites in the sky; there are also many children on the ground. In the city and the countryside, all the people come out one by one just as they will go shopping. They do some
exerci, do their own things.‖ The spring is the most important time of the year. ―We just do it ,have a lot of time and hope.
春天象刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。
春天象小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。
春天象健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，他领着我们上前去。
Spring is like the baby who was just born, everything is new. He grows。
隐藏软件怎么弄Spring is like a girl who is dresd up, she walks with her smile.
Spring is like a man who has strong arms and legs, he goes forward with us.
、
一、直译
修辞格翻译中的直译即将原文译成目标语言的时候，完全保留原文使用的修辞格，喻体，以及表达风格。此方法译起来简单，但要求原文和目标语言均有对应的修辞格，并且所使用的喻体是目标语言文化中同样能够理解和接受的。例如汉语文化中常把狡猾的人比作“狐狸”，英语文化中同样把这样的人比作“fox‖, 这个时候达到了语言及文化的一致，就可以采用直译的方法。比喻的形象具有普遍意义，也容易理解，就算有一定的文化差异，也可以直译（此时成为“适度异化”，更能保留原文作者的表达目的和风格。如果比喻形象不具有普遍意义，译文读者难以理解和接受，就需要考虑意译或者直译加注。
例：1. Life is like a box of chocolate, you never know what you gonna get. (电影“阿甘正传”)
2. 音乐是世界上最美的语言。
思考题：英汉辞格中常用直译法来翻译的有那些常见辞格？
贫民窟的百万富翁二、意译
数学名人简介如果原文与目标语存在很大的语言或者文化差异，在目标语中无法找到对应的译语，保留原文辞格的意义又不太大，可以采用意义。
例：1. At that time, the hostility between the town and gown was inten. （借代、尾韵）
2. They were striving for their goal, with dash and daring, regardless of cost or
conquence.
思考题：英汉辞格中常用意义法来翻译的有那些常见辞格？
weighing三、加注
地球三体组织
当译文不能完整的保留原文的信息，或者修辞效果的时候，对译文进行加注不失为一种补救措施。加注分直译加注和意译加注。加注虽然显得不够简练，但能够使原文的意义和修辞效果更好更完整的表达出来。
例：1. 他的智慧胜过诸葛亮。
注意此处的注解是直接放到译文句子里面的。
2. The n of inferiority would be his heel of Achilles.
3. ――Why are parliamentary reports ―Blue Books‖?
――Becau they are never red.
四、换译
由于语言和文化的差异，在辞格翻译过程中经常会碰到不能保留原文辞格，或者原文的喻体形象与译入语文化不一致，造成读者不能理解，及过度异化，此时我们可以采用换译的方法。换译即换用其它修辞格来替换原文中使用的修辞格（即辞格转换），以达到同样的修辞效果；或者转换喻体形象（即内容转换），使之符合译入语文化习惯，易于读者理解。
例：1. 她胆小如鼠。
2．Did he say ―pig‖ or ―fig‖? ( 《爱丽丝漫游仙境》)
3. He came with fire and fight.
Part III 常用修辞格译例
1. 明喻.（simile）
1）Tragedy, sickness, illiteracy, and bad luck were as prevalent to them as the empty beer cans that cluttered their streets.
2）我偷偷瞧了一下她一眼，她的脸色已变得和我的旱冰鞋鞋带的颜色一样。
2. 暗喻（metaphor）
1）Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested…
2）A photographer is the cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach matured.( Bernard Shaw)
三年级上册古诗3）生活就是一盒巧克力。
3. 拟人（Personification）
1）Cordell Hull, in the age of print, obrved that a lie goes halfway around the world before truth has time to get its trours on. With television today, truth ever catches up with half-truth.
4. 夸张(Hyperbole)
1）V ingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was with yellow handkerchiefs—20 of them, 30 of them, many hundreds, a tree that stood like a banner of welcome billowing in t he wind.仪刀
2）比起哥哥，这个无赖更加令人恶心一百倍。
5. 讳饰（E uphemism）
1）Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing n of despair on men’s final relea from earthly struggles…
2）His daughter is rather weak in the head.
