English Speaking
Introduction to Oral Prentations
Preliminary steps for designing oral prentations:
∙ Analyze your audience
∙ 土经历Understand and articulate your prentation's purpo
∙ Consider time constrains
Analyze your Audience
Just as readers determine the success of written communication, audiences determine the success of oral prentations. Writing or speaking is successful if the reader or listener resp
onds the way you desire: the reader or listener is informed, persuaded, or instructed as you intend and then responds the way you want with good will throughout.
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Just as writing effectively depends on your understanding your reader as thoroughly as possible, effective speaking depends on your understanding your listener. You cannot speak or write effectively to people without first understanding their perspective. You must know how your audience will likely respond bad on its members' educational and cultural background, knowledge of the subject, technical experti, and position in the organization.
长征精神心得体会When you analyze your audience, focus on its members' professional as well as personal attributes. Your audience members will pay attention to some things becau they belong to a specific department or class; they'll react to other things becau of their likes, dislikes, and uncertainties. You have to keep both profiles in mind. Your analysis will suggest what you should say or write, what you should not say, and the tone you should u. 党的思想路线是
To help you analyze your audience, ask the following questions:
∙ How much do my audience members know about the subject?
∙ What do they expect from me?
∙ How interested will they be in what I say?
∙ What is their attitude toward me?
∙ What is their attitude toward my subject?
In viewing this list, you will note the prevalence of questions on attitude—the audience's attitude toward you as well as the subject. Some attitudes will matter more than others, according to the situation.
The questions are particularly crucial ones, since you need to know, before you begin
planning your prentation, whether your audience will consider you trustworthy and credible. To be an effective speaker, you must know your audience, establish a relationship by being sincere and knowledgeable about the subject, then conform to their expectations about demeanor, choice of language, and your attitude toward them and the topic.
Understand and Articulate your Prentation's Purpo
Oral prentations, like written prentations, must be designed around a specific purpo.
As a writer or a speaker, you must know your purpo.
You must conceive your purpo in terms of your audience's needs. Both written and oral communication often have multiple objectives. The main purpo of your prentation may be to report the status of a project, to summarize a problem, to describe a plan, or to
propo an action, but your long-range objective may be to highlight or document important specific issues within the topic about which you are speaking and to further establish your credibility within the organization. You may want the audience to dislike another propod solution, to desire a more comprehensive solution, or decide there isn't a problem after all.
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As you plan, state your purpo in one ntence.
Then, as you begin your prentation, state your goal in terms of your audience's background and attitude; announce your purpo early in the prentation to prepare your audience for the main ideas to come. You may want to restate the purpo in words familiar to the audience.
Like the report or letter, the oral prentation must make its purpo clearly evident at the beginning. By knowing what they will be hearing from the beginning of the prentation, audience members can more easily focus their attention on the content pre
nted and e connections between parts of the talk.
The effective prentation requires you to focus your audience's attention on what you are saying. A good way to grab your audience's attention is to develop a title that, at the very least, reflects the content of your prentation but does so in an interesting way. Like the title of a formal report or the subject line in a letter, memo, or informal report, the title of an oral prentation should prepare your audience for the content you will prent. Therefore, from the beginning of the prentation, your audience is prepared for what you will say.
You may also wish to introduce your topic with an attention-getting device: a startling fact, a relevant anecdote, a rhetorical question, or a statement designed to arou your audience's interest. Again, the device you choo will depend on the audience, the occasion, the purpo of the prentation.
Or, if your audience is not readily familiar with the subject, you may want to include backg
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round material to help them grasp and process your main points Tell your audience what points or topics you plan to cover so that your audience can n and then follow the direction of your statements.
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Consider Time Constraints
空调维护保养Pay particular attention to time. Be sure you can comfortably give the prentation within your time constraints.
Rehear and revi.
Time limits are to be obrved! Even if no time limit is given, you should strive to do justice to your subject in as little time as possible (KISS principle: Keep It Short and Sweet), but not at the price of an incomplete prentation. You must decide which aspects of your prentation are to be treated with detail and which aspects are to be included for additional information and color. The key to effective and efficient u of time is rehearsal! U a stop watch and rehear, revi, rehear, revi, and rehears
e until your prentation is within the target time limit. When you rehear, do so in a manner similar to the actual prentation. Have an audience, stand up, speak in the same volume you will u, etc. When possible, u a video or audio recorder and then critique yourlf. (If you do, plea don't be too critical; everyone sounds awful and/or looks absolutely horrible upon playback. Don't worry.)
