中国剪纸Chineapercutting
Chine paper cutting
Chine paper cutting, or Jianzhi, is a kind of folk art which us scissors or knives to cut papers for decoration or other folk activities. Having a wide mass ba in China, paper cutting has been involved in the social life for different peoples and has prented multiple social values in cognition, amument and communication etc.
In 2006, Jianzhi was enlisted into the first group of National Intangible Cultural Heritage by the State Council, and it was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2009.
Origin：
The art of paper-cutting in China may date back to the cond century ., since paper was invented by Cai in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China. As paper became more affordable, paper-cutting became one of the most important types of Chine folk art. Later, this art form spread to other parts of the world, with different regions adopting their own cultural styles. Becau the cut-outs are often ud to decorate doors and windows, they are sometimes referred to as paper-cut for window, window flowers
or window paper-cuts. People glued the papercuts to the exterior of windows, so the light from the inside would shine through the negative space of the cutout. Usually, the artworks are made of red paper, as red is associated with festivities and happiness in Chine culture, but others colored were also ud. Normally paper-cutting artwork is ud on festivals like Spring Festival, weddings and childbirth. Papercuts always symbolize luck and happiness.
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Chine paper-cutting originated from ancient activities of worshipping ancestors and gods, and is a traditional part of Chine culture. According to archaeological records, it originates from the 6th century, although some believe that its history could be traced as far back as the Warring States period (around 3 BC), long before the paper was invented. At that time, people ud other thin materials, like leaves, silver foil, silk and even leather, to carve hollowed patterns. Later, when paper was invented, people realized that this material was easy to cut, store and discard, and paper became the major material for this type of artwork. During the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1912), this artistry witnesd its most prosperous period. For over a thousand years, people (mainly women) have been making paper-cuts as part a leisure activity. They created different type of paper-cutting and shared and pasd this traditional craftsmanship to their children, so that this traditional art style became more and more popular and is still practiced to this day.
In ancient times, human beings have discovered and ud images as an artistic method of image reprentation, and then created the artistic language of engraving and air through various materials. This is in many primitive society color pottery and rock painting, Shang Zhou bronzes, Han dynasty picture stone art, reflected ancient artificer to u this artistic technique consummation. Today's folk paper-cuts are strikingly consistent with the style and exterior features of the paper, which fully explain the inheritance and continuity of their relationship.
The Chine imperial concubine holding the baby, playing with the window, skillfully cutting the Paulownia Leaves according to the window screen. U thin slice
material to cut carve flower, before have paper already be like Han dynasty gold and silver foil engraved flower. But the exact cut, of cour, is after paper. Our country is the country that invented paper, already began to make paper in the western Han dynasty. At this point, the u of paper for cutting out the hollow out performance in accordance with the paper-cut art required by the folk custom has been generated among the people. However, the earliest papercut was found in the north Korean period (386 . 581), which was unearthed near the flaming mountain of Turpan in Xinjiang. The papercuts, the way of repeated folding and the non-occlusion of the image, are very similar to today's folk paper cutting paper.
When paper-cutting pasd down to the Tang dynasty, the skills of handcraft became mature. Paper-cutting was not only a kind of handcraft, but also a piece of artwork, as it could express the idea through the pattern. In Ming and Qing dynasty, paper-cutting experienced its peak development. Folk paper-cutting spread to a wider range and had abundant means of artistic expression. Paper-cutting was ud to decorate doors, windows and walls to show happiness and festival.
Classification：
Paper-cutting is one of the oldest and the most popular folk arts in China. It can be geographically divided into a southern and a northern style. The southern style, reprented by works from Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province and Le Qing in Zhejiang Province, features ingenious and beautiful designs, exquisite carving and interesting shapes. The northern style, mainly from Yu Xian and Feng Ning in Hebei Province and best reprented by works from northern Shaanxi, features exaggerated shapes, vigorousness, vivid depictions and diver patterns.
The style of window paper-cuts is usually free, except the flower pattern on the corner. The theme of window paper-cuts has a wide range, the most popular of which is bad on the stories of traditional Chine opera. As most buyers are farmers, the content of window paper-cut usually describe farming, spinning, fishing and poultry farming.
1. To pattern classification: paper cutting patterns for people, animals, characters, with 62, flowers, fruits and vegetables, incts, landscapes and so on, and propod the addition of the world's rare, modern class two, a total of 11 categories.
2. Category: China paper-cut meaning characteristics, the performance of the theme implies, so the basis of meaning, which can be divided into: blessing, cowardly evil, evil, exhortation, warning, interest and other ven categories.
3. To u classification: some people think that the classification of paper cutting should be bad on the u, which can be divided into:
(1) decorative affixed to its substrate for appreciation or increa its beauty of the paper-cut, such as window;
(2) custom categories: for worship, prayer, a disaster, cowardly evil, poison paper-cut, such as door;
(3) draft type: ud for stencil printing, printing and dyeing paper cutting, such as embroidery manuscript;
(4) design class: can increa the beauty of things, or can promote its paper-cut, such as film or tele
vision titles
4. Other classification methods: others think that should be divided into three
categories: (1) all paper scissors to do with the color window color draft (like flowers), known as paper cutting.
(2) any work that is cut and pasted with color paper should be called "cut and paste"
(3) tho who cut and then fill the works of art should be called shear.
大学生创业方案
5. To paper and production classification: there are paper and production classification, more for teaching purpos. It will be divided into two types of paper cutting, eight kinds: First class: monochrome paper-cut. Is to u a colored paper to cut and subdivided into do:
(1) jackknife, soon after the paper folded cut, after the opening of a pattern or fonts available.
(2) Diego scissors, the number of overlapping sheets of paper together to nail down and then cut the script, number of his prints.
Second categories: complex color paper-cut, also known as colored paper-cut. color paper is bad on the number of sub cut after cut collage mapping; or with white paper cut into a script, and then dyed fill a variety of colors; or the first cut on the main board, lined with white and then dyed to fill a variety of colors can be subdivided:
(1) lining color class, first made of monochrome paper-cut method of cutting diagram, and then to color paper as a lining.
(2) color, monochrome paper-cut way to cut the main version and the cond version of the image, and then another cut paper tape mounted in the main version of the site needs; or colors required to color the drawings of colored paper, overlap with the nail, and then along the way the draft line cut, and cho to take a main version. Paste mounted on the substrate, and then the rest of the Tim posted on the main board.
(3) color, which are colored paper cut into all parts of the image, and then posted in accordance with drawings mounted on backing paper; or e the different colors of paper overlapping clinch, and then cut into a script, kiss the fight on backing paper.
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(4) dyeing, that is, the white paper or lighten colored paper which is easy to be impregnated is cut int
o various images, and then dyed the required color gradually; or the paper is dyed first, and then cut into an image
(5) coloring categories, namely black paper or dark paper cut out the main version, mounted on a white paper, then the script
a variety of colors; or cut with the white theme image, laminating and then fill in the required color dyeing; the first fill and then cut to do so.
(6) magnetic paper-cut, magnetic paper-cut in the process of manual production and machine production points, manual paper-cut and scissors and engraved points As for the two methods of paper cutting, the main method should be chon. Symmetry：
There are basic cut-outs, consisting of a single image, and symmetrical designs, that are usually created by some folding over a proportioned crea, and then cutting a shape, so that when unfolded, it forms a symmetrical design. Chine paper cuttings are usually symmetrical. The paper cut outs are usually in an even number ries of 2, 4, 24 etc.
Us：
Today, paper cuttings are chiefly decorative. They liven up walls, windows, doors, columns, mirrors, lamps and lanterns in homes and are also ud on prents or are given as gifts themlves. Paper cut-outs pasted on or near entrances are suppod to bring good luck. Paper cuttings ud to be ud as patterns, especially for embroidery and lacquer work. Papercuts are ud by younger generation as a decoration for their kits and books.
Paper-cutting was and is mostly ud as a decoration, or an aesthetic way to express people’s hopes, gratitude and other emotions. With a pair of scissors cutting through a piece of red paper, the paper-cuttings are endowed with a simple but exaggerated beauty. The vividly depicted paper-cuttings have different meanings. Some express the wish for a harvest or a wealthy life, such as paper-cuttings of a golden harvest, thriving domestic animals, good fortunes, a surplus year or a carp jumping over a dragon gate (a traditional Chine story, indicating a leap towards a better life); some depict animals and plants, such as paper-cuttings of polecats, lions, jade rabbits (animal from a Chine legend), pomegranates and peonies; some illustrate legendary figures or scenes from tra
ditional myths or stories, such as paper-cuttings of the Yellow Emperor, The cowherd and weaving girl and 24 stories of filial piety; and others show people’s gratitude towards life, such as paper-cuttings of a doll with two twisted hair on each side of the head, fish swimming through lotus and dishes. (a strong passion for life can be easily en from the paper-cuttings of the women)
The most famous paper-cutting characters in Chine are “福” ( f ú , meaning 'lucky') and “囍” ( x ǐ , meaning 'double happiness'). Even to this day, Chine people love to hang paper-cutting of the two characters at their doors. “福” is usually ud during the Chine New Year’s Festival, indicating people’s wishes for a lucky year. “囍” can often be en at the windows or door of newly-weds.
Process：
There are two methods of manufacture: one us scissors, the other us knives. In the scissor method, veral pieces of paper — up to eight — are fastened together. The motif is then cut with sharp, pointed scissors. The first step is to fold. Fold a piece of squared paper along the diagonal into a triangle, and fold into another triangle. Now we
can start to cut. Window blossoms can be designed with irregular patterns. First cut an arch which will be the outline of the petals. After that u a pair of scissors to cut different kinds of curved lines a
nd saw tooth. A half heart shape can also be cut. The last step is to opened with light touch to avoid tear the fine connections. Lightly flat it, you will find a beautiful symmetrical pattern from a random cut.
Knife cuttings are fashioned by putting veral layers of paper on a relatively soft foundation consisting of a mixture of tallow and ashes. Following a pattern, the artist cuts the motif into the paper with a sharp knife which is usually held vertically. Skilled crafters can even cut out different drawings freely without stopping.The paper was carved using a carving knife instead of using scissors. In the windows, the bright colors combined with light to form lovely patterns and shadows. At first, a carving mold should be designed, and then the lines of the pattern will be drawn. After that, the mold is put on a stack of paper and different kinds of knives are ud to carve along the lines. The last step is to color the paper. Dyes are mixed with liquor and are brushed onto white paper. This procedure is called “smoking sample”. The wetted carved mold is put on white paper and smoked with a candle. Before the copying machine was invented, the paper cut artists copied their carving mold using this technique.
中国剪纸艺术
中国剪纸是⼀种⽤剪⼑或刻⼑在纸上剪刻花纹，⽤于装点⽣活或配合其他民俗活动的民间艺术。在中国，剪纸具有⼴泛的群众基础，交融于各族⼈民的社会⽣活，是各种民俗活动的重要组成部分。其传承赓续的视觉形象和造型格式，蕴涵了丰富的⽂化历史信息，表达了⼴⼤民众的社会认以、道德观念、实践经验、⽣活理想和审美情趣，具有认知、教化、表意、抒情、娱乐、交往等多重社会价值。
2006年5⽉20⽇，剪纸艺术遗产经国务院批准列⼊第⼀批国家级⾮物质⽂化遗产名录。2009年9⽉28⽇⾄10⽉2⽇举⾏的联合国教科⽂组织保护⾮物质⽂化遗产政府间委员会第四次会议上，中国申报的中国剪纸项⽬⼊选“⼈类⾮物质⽂化遗产代表作名录”。
（百度百科英⽂词条）
海钓钓组起源：
剪纸的艺术在中国可以追溯到公元⼆世纪，中国东汉蔡伦发明了纸。随着纸更便宜，剪纸成为中国民间艺术最重要的⼀个类型。这种艺术形式传播到世界的各个地⽅，不同地区采⽤有⽂化风格。因为常⽤于装饰门窗，他们有时也被称为窗花。通常⽤红⾊制作，红⾊在中国⽂化中⽤来庆祝节⽇代表着幸福，其他颜⾊也会使⽤。通常剪纸艺术品⽤于节⽇像春节，婚礼和满⽉。剪纸⼀直象征着好运和幸福。
中国剪纸起源于古代崇拜祖先和神灵的活动，是⼀个传统中国⽂化的⼀部分。根据考古记录，它源于6世纪，尽管有些⼈认为它的
历史可以追溯到早在战国时期(公元前3)早于纸发明的时候。当时,⼈们使⽤其它材料，像树叶，银箔，甚⾄丝绸和⽪⾰来雕刻镂空。之后，当纸被发明,⼈们意识到这种材料很容易切，存储和丢弃，所以纸成为这种类型的艺术品的主要材料。在
明清时期(1368 - 1912)，这个艺术到达最繁荣的时期。⼀千多年来,⼈们(主要是⼥性)⼀直把剪纸作为⼀种休闲活动，他们创造了不同的剪纸并且把这项传统技艺传给他们的孩⼦，所以，这种传统艺术风格变得更加流⾏并延续⾄今。
远古时代，⼈类就已经发现和运⽤了以影像作为形象表记的艺术⼿法，并继⽽创造了在各种材料上镂刻、透空的艺术语⾔。这在诸多的原始社会彩陶岩画、商周青铜器、汉画像⽯艺术中，都体现了远古艺⼈运⽤这⼀艺术⼿法的完善。今天的民间剪纸与之在造型⽅式和外部特征极其明显的⼀致，充分说明他们之间的传承和延续关系。
“汉妃抱娃窗前耍，巧剪桐叶照窗纱。”利⽤薄⽚材料剪刻镂花，在有纸以前就已经不乏，如汉代的⾦银箔刻花。但确切意义上的剪纸，当然是在有纸以后。我国是发明纸的国家，早在西汉时代已开始造纸。⾄此，利⽤纸便于剪刻镂空的性能符合民俗所需的剪纸艺术，随之在民众之中产⽣。然⽽，⽬前
发现最早的剪纸实物，是新疆吐鲁番⽕焰⼭附近出⼟的北朝时期（公元386—581年）五幅团花剪纸。这⼏幅剪纸，采⽤重复折叠的⽅式和形象互不遮挡的处理⼿法，与今天的民间团花剪纸极其相似。（来源：中华五千年⽹）剪纸到唐朝时期⼿⼯技能变得成熟，剪纸不仅是⼀种⼿艺，也是⼀件艺术品，因为它可以通过艺术来表达想法。在明清时期，剪纸经历了⾼度发展，民间剪纸传播更⼴泛并且有丰富的艺术表现⼿法。剪纸庆祝节⽇时被⽤来装饰门、窗户和墙壁。
关于合作的故事分类：
剪纸是中国最古⽼的和最流⾏的民间艺术。它可以在地理上分为南⽅和北⽅风格。南⽅风格代表有江苏扬州和浙江乐清，有着巧妙的特性，美丽的设计，精美的雕刻还有有趣的形状。北⽅风格代表有河北蔚县和丰宁，陕北的作品最为突出，夸张的形状，朝⽓蓬勃⽣动的描绘和多样化的⼿法。
窗花剪纸风格多样，除了⾓落上的花朵图案。窗花剪纸有⼴泛的主题，其中最受欢迎的是中国传统歌剧的故事。像⼤多数买家是农民，窗⼝剪纸的内容通常描述农业、纺织业、渔业和家禽养殖。
1. 以纹样分类：剪纸的纹样⼤致可以为：⼈物、鸟兽、⽂字、器⽤、鳞介、花⽊、果菜、昆⾍、⼭⽔等，还有⼈提出加上世界珍奇、现代器物两类，共计11类。
2. 以寓意分类：中国剪纸的特点，表现为题材的寓意，所以寓意可作为分来的依据，由此可分为：纳吉、祝福、怯邪、除恶、劝勉、警戒、趣味等七类。
3.以⽤途分类：有⼈认为剪纸的分类应以⽤途为据，由此可分为：
（1）装饰类：贴于它物之上以供欣赏或增加它物之美的剪纸，如窗花；
（2）俗信类：⽤于祭祀、祈福、怯灾、怯邪、驱毒的剪纸，如门神；
（3）版模类：⽤于版模、印染的剪纸，如绣稿；
（4）设计类：能增加它物之美，或能宣扬它物的剪纸，如电影或电视的⽚头。
4.其他分类⽅式：另外也有⼈认为剪纸应分为三类：（1）凡是⽤单⾊纸剪的窗花、彩稿（花样⼦），称为剪纸。
（2）凡是⽤彩⾊纸剪做、经粘贴⽽成的作品，应称为剪贴。
（3）凡是剪后再填⾊的作品应称为剪画。
5.以⽤纸及制作分类：还有以⽤纸及制作分类的，多⽤于教学之⽤。它将剪纸分为⼆类⼋种：
第⼀类：单⾊剪纸。就是⽤⼀种⾊纸来剪。⼜细分为：
（1）剪折类，即将纸折叠后剪，放开后可得⼀种图案或字型。
（2）剪叠类，即将数张纸重叠在⼀起，钉牢后再依稿剪，⼀次可得数张作品。
第⼆类：复⾊剪纸，⼜称为彩⾊剪纸。是以数张彩纸分剪拼贴成图；或以⽩纸依稿剪成，再染填上各种颜⾊；或先剪成主版，衬以⽩纸后再染填上各种颜⾊。细分可为：（1）衬⾊类，先⽤单⾊剪纸的⽅法剪做成图，再以彩纸为衬。
（2）套⾊类，以单⾊剪纸的⽅法剪成主板和次板形象，再另剪⾊纸贴裱在主板需要的部位上；或将画稿所需的各⾊⾊纸，重叠在⼀起钉牢，再沿线以次剪成，择取⼀张为主版，贴裱在衬底上，再将其余的部分添贴在主板之上。
（3）拼⾊类，即分别⽤⾊纸剪成各部分形象，再依图样贴裱在衬纸上；或见各⾊纸重叠在⼀起钉牢，再依稿剪成衬纸上。
（4）染⾊类，即⽤易于浸渍的⽩纸或浅⾊纸剪成各种形象，再逐次染成所需的颜⾊；或先将纸染⾊，再剪成形象。
（5）填⾊类，即先⽤⿊⾊纸或深⾊纸剪出主版，裱贴在⽩纸上，再依稿填涂各种颜⾊；或⽤⽩纸剪成主题形象，裱贴后再填
染所需颜⾊；也有先填⾊⽽后剪。
（6）磁性剪纸，磁性剪纸在⼯艺上有⼿⼯制作和机器制作之分，⼿⼯剪纸⼜有剪和刻之分。
经期能吃香蕉吗⾄于兼⽤两类⽅法制作的剪纸，应择其主要的⽅法归其类别。
对称性：
有基本的镂空，组成的⼀个形象对称设计，通常是进⾏折叠然后切割形状，所以展开以后形成⼀个对称的设计。中国剪纸通常是对称的，剪纸的细节通常偶数系列2,4,24等。
使⽤⽤途：
今天，剪纸主要是⽤于装饰，他们贴在墙壁、窗户、门、柱、镜⼦、灯和灯笼看起来更有⽣⽓，通常也⽤于介绍⾃⼰或作为礼物。剪纸贴在接近⼊⼝处会带来好运。剪纸通常样式多样，尤其是刺绣和漆器。剪纸还被年轻⼀代⽤来装饰⽤品和书籍。
剪纸主要是⽤作装饰或⽤来表达⼈们的希望，感恩和其他情绪。⽤⼀把剪⼑切断⼀张红纸，剪纸被赋予⼀个简单但夸张的美。⽣动地描绘了剪纸有不同的含义。⼀些表达丰收的希望或富裕的⽣活，如剪纸的⾦⾊的丰收，繁荣的家畜，好的命运，剩余的⼀年或者鲤鱼跳过龙门(⼀个中国传统故事，表⽰⼀个飞跃向更好的⽣活);⼀些描绘动物和植物，如剪纸的狮⼦、麒麟(中国神话⽣物),⽟兔⼦和中国传奇⼈物(动物),⽯榴和牡丹;⼀些说明传奇⼈物或场景从传统的神话故事，如黄帝,⽜郎和织⼥和24孝的故
事；展⽰⼈们对⽣活的感激，展⽰⼈们对⽣活的感恩,⽐如娃娃的头部的两边各有⼀个⿇花辫，荷花池⾥的鱼(从剪纸中可以很容易地看到对⽣活的强烈热爱。)
入党申请书的范文
在中国最着名的剪纸是“福”(fu，意思是“幸运”)和“囍”(xǐ，意思是“双喜”)。即便是今天，中国⼈仍然喜欢挂这两种剪纸。“福”是通常在中国的新年节⽇⾥表达⼈们的祝福，迎接幸运的⼀年。“囍”经常可以看到在新婚夫妇的窗户或门上。
制作⽅法：
有两种制作⽅法:⼀个使⽤剪⼑，另⼀种使⽤刻⼑。使⽤剪⼑的⽅法，制⽚快速折叠⼋
层，然后⽤尖锐的剪⼑剪出。第⼀步是“折”。把⼀张正⽅形的纸沿着对⾓线折成三⾓形，
然后再对折⼀次。现在就可以开始“剪”了。窗花可以不⽤很规则的设计。⾸先剪出⼀个弧形，作为花瓣的轮廓。之后⽤剪⼑随意剪出各种曲线或锯齿。也可以剪出半个“⼼型”。最
后⼀步是展开，这个时候要轻⼀点，免得撕破较细的连接处。然后轻轻展平，你会发现，
所有随意的形状都变成了美丽的对称图案。
使⽤刻⼑的⽅法，折叠⼏层纸在⼀个⽐较软的垫板上进⾏。⼿⼯艺者⽤⼀把锋利的刻
⼑垂直雕刻，熟练的⼿⼯艺者甚⾄可以不间断的进⾏⾃由创作。有的剪纸不是⽤剪⼑剪出
来的，⽽是⽤各种不同的刻⼑。这种剪纸⾊泽明艳贴在窗⼦上光影效果极佳。⾸先要“设计”⼀个⽤作雕刻的模版，⽤笔仔细勾画出图案的线条。然后把模板放在⼀叠纸的上⾯，再⽤各种不同的刻⼑，沿着线条把图案刻出来。最后⼀步是“染⾊”。⽤⽩酒调配好颜料，再⽤⽑笔均匀地涂在刻好的⽩纸上。这个步骤叫“熏样”。把剪好的模版⽤⽔蘸湿贴在⽩纸上，再⽤蜡烛的烟熏⿊。在复印机还没有发明出来时，剪纸艺⼈们就⽤这种⽅式来复制他们的模版。
（⽂字来源维基百科英⽂词条和360doc）
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