高中生写作中的汉式英语及其原因分析和对策
摘 要:
随着教育部《英语新课程标准》的出台,我们可以看出新课标对中学生的写作能力提出了更高的要求。英语写作主要是考察学生综合运用英语语言的能力,涉及到学生的词汇量,正确运用单词造句的能力,对所学语法熟练运用的能力以及能否按照英语习惯正确表达的能力。可是在学生的写作过程中,我们常常可以看到一些生涩或是不通顺的英语,但这些英语把它们直接从字面意思按顺序翻译下来是通顺流畅的汉语, 这就是我们常常说的Chinglish ,即汉式英语。汉式英语降低了语言表达的质量,很大程度上影响了学生的英语成绩。本文将探讨该现象的主要表现形式及其产生原因以及如何避免产生这种现象,旨在帮助学生写出地道的英语。
关键词: 英语写作;汉式英语;地道英语;错误分析;对策
一、 汉式英语的主要表现形式
在学生的英语写作中出现的汉式英语有各种各样的表现形式。通过对学生习作为样本,对其中出现的汉式英语经过分析和总结后,发现在词汇层面、惯用短语层面、句子层面和语篇层面都有不同程度的汉式英语出现。
(一)词汇层面的汉式英语
词汇层面的汉式英语主要是指不能正确地选用词。由于学生掌握的英语词汇有限,在其写作过程中会无意识地套用母语的思维方式和语言规则,然后再译成英语。因此,在找不到合适的对应词的情况下,往往凭借自己已有的汉语和英语构词感觉造词,写作中也就出现了大量的汉式英语。
来看看一些例子:
鸽子怎么吃 汉语 错误表达 正确表达
大红 big red bright red
增强经济 strengthen the economy boost the economy
眼红妒忌的 red-eyed green-eyed
新西兰国花 一贫如洗 as poor as washing as poor as a church mou
笨得像猪 as stupid as a pig as stupid as a donkey
再来看几个简单的句子: 汉语:你愿意参加我们的晚会吗?
错误表达:Would you like to join our party on Friday?
正确表达:钱怎么折爱心Would you like to come to our party on Friday night?
汉语:请背下这些单词。
错误表达:Plea recite the new words.
求真务实正确表达:Plea memorize the new words.
汉语:对不起,我把字典忘在家里了。
错误表达:Sorry, I forget my dictionary at home.
正确表达:Sorry ,I left my dictionary at home.
(二)惯用短语层面的汉式英语
惯用短语层面的汉式英语主要表现为两类:一是在应该用某个英语的惯用短语来表达一个语义单位时没有用,而是将汉语的惯用短语生搬硬套地逐词翻译出来;二是误用意思貌似的另外一个英语惯用短语。如:
汉语:不管怎么说,我已经是一名大学生了。
错误表达:No matter how to say, I am already a collage student.
正确表达:Anyway, I am already a collage student.
汉语:昨天我们玩得很愉快。
错误表达:We played very happily yesterday.
正确表达:We had a good time yesterday.
汉语:当我们疲倦时,我们想起这首歌。”
错误表达:When we feel tired , we remember this song.
正确表达:When we feel tired , the song comes to our mind.
(三)句子层面的汉式英语
句子层面的汉式英语是指那些受汉语思维方式的影响而将汉语的表达方式用在英语句子的写作中, 写出的无语法错误但又是不规范的英语句子。下面是学生英语写作中出现的一些典型的汉式英语句子,这些句子均无语法错误,但都隐现了汉语思维的痕迹
汉语:不知不觉,期末考试已经来临了。
汉式英语: I didn’t know the final examination had fallen.
规范英语:The final examination came库存深度 before I realized it.
汉语:那时候我学习很忙。
汉式英语: My study was very busy at that time.
规范英语: I was very busy with my study at that time.
汉语:我的学习比她好多了。
汉式英语: My study was very much better than that of hers.
规范英语: I did much better than she did in study.
汉语:我想她不会反对我的。
汉式英语: I think she will not turn against me.
规范英语: I don’t think she will turn against me.
汉语: 她来中国三年了。
汉式英语: She has come to China for 3 years.
规范英语: She has been in China for 3 years.
汉语:近年来我们村庄发生了很大变化。
汉式英语: Recently our village has taken place great changes.
规范英语: Recently great changes have taken place in our village.
汉语:上周日那家电影院发生了火灾。
汉式英语: That cinema broke out a fire last Sunday.
规范英语: A fire broke out in that cinema last Sunday.
汉语:中国人口很多。
汉式英语: The population of China is many.
规范英语: The population of China is large.
(四)语篇层面的汉式英语
学生习作中语篇层面的汉式英语突出地表现在以下3个方面.
1、 学生不习惯英语篇章及段落的写作模式。英语文章习惯于把重要的思想放在首段,而段落的主要意思放在首句,即文章首段应该有篇题句(thesis 围棋的起源statement),段落首句应该是主题句(Topic ntence)。这样文章会开门见山,一语破的,而后用细节逐层阐述篇题句和
主题句。中国学生受汉语散文的“形散而神不散”影响,在英语写作时段落一般都缺少主题句,整篇文章没有篇题句,因而他们的英语文章段落结构较为松散,逻辑性不强,缺乏连贯性和整体性,文章中心不突出。
2、学生写作时没有意识到英语语言高度“形合”的特点。他们所写段落中常常缺乏必要的衔接手段,比如句与句之间没有过渡性的连接副词或介词短语等,是并列或主从句的小句之间却没有并列或从属连词,因而常常出现一逗到底的粘连句(run-on ntences)。这种情况在学生习作中非常普遍。如:在一篇介绍家里的一条狗阿福是如何救了妹妹的英语作文中,有学生是这样表述的“My parents live in the country, there is a dog at home, he is named Ah Fu, he is very clever”。
3、 在某一特定文体的写作时,学生会不自觉地套用汉语的思路,结果出现不伦不类的英语段落。下面是某同学的习作中的一个片段:
信息提示
你家里养了一只猫,她很小,也很可爱。由于她的存在,你们全家人都很快乐。昨天晚上你去
商店给她买食物,在回家的路上下起了大雨。当你到家时,你浑身都湿透了。虽然淋了雨,但是你很高兴。不管怎么说,小猫不用挨饿了。
习作实况
My home rais a lovely small cat. My family are always happy becau of her. I went to the store to buy some food for her yesterday night. Unluckily, there was a big rain on my way home. When I got home, I was all wet. Although I was wet, but I was very happy. No matter how to say, the cat would not be hungry.
上面的这篇习作虽然我们都能看懂是什么意思,但由于受汉语思维的影响,里面充满了因文化差异而产生的错误。
试修改为:
We keep a lovely small cat at home. My family are always happy becau of her. I went to the store to buy some food for her yesterday evening. Unluckily, there was a heavy rain on my way home. When I got home, I was wet through. Although I was wet, I was very happy. Anyway, the cat would not be hungry.
二 汉式英语产生的原因