Unit 3
1.2.1 List different opinions on poverty and environmental degradation
Bruntland Commission Report, etc On the one side | Leach and Mearns On the other side |
Poverty is a major cau of environmental problems and amelioration of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective programmes addressing the environment. environmental degradation, rapid population growth and stagnant production are cloly linked with the fast spread of acute poverty in many countries of Asia. Poor families who have to meet short term needs mine the natural capital by excessive cutting of trees for firewood and failure to replace soil nutrients | The studies point to demographic, cultural, and institutional factors as important variables in the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. An intricate web of factors plus the existence of feedback loops from environmental degradation to poverty makes the process of identifying causality links, if any, between environmental degradation and poverty a difficult exerci. |
| |
斩相思1.2.2 Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.
Elements | Functions |
Element 1 | General statements about a field of rearch to provide the reader with a tting for the problem to be reported |
Element 2 | More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other rearchers |
Element 3 | Statements that indicate the need for more investigation |
Element 4 | Very specific statements giving the purpos/objectives of the writer’s study |
Element 5 | Optional statements that give a value or justification for carrying out the study, limitation of the study, etc. |
| |
2.1.1 Check the reviewing ction of sample Introduction and complete the following table.
Questions | How many?飞词组 | For what purpos? |
wifi速度测试Are some ntences written in prent ten? Are some ntences written in past ten? Are some ntences written in prent perfect ten? Which ten is ud more? Why do you think this is the ca? | 17 verbs 3 verbs 5 verbs Prent ten | Authors mostly u the prent ten verbs to show their opinion on another person's rearch, relate what other authors say or discuss to the literature, have the discour role of providing particulars for recounting events, results found or a preceding generalization or the basis for a claim, etc. The prent perfect ten can be ud to state that the rearch results are recent, expressing what has been found over an extended period in the past and up to the prent to highlight the direct relevance of previous studies to the writer's own rearch |
| | |
2.2.2 Read three extracts on the issue of poverty and crime. U the verbs above to cite opinions on poverty and crime.
A study by Williams (2005) reports that percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high. This finding is supported by Holmes (2006) who further states that there are more and more at the link between unemployment, poverty and crime. And the unmistakable characteristic of poverty and crime is that they’re both geographically concentrated in the same areas. This opinion is theoretically explained from an economic perspective of crime that people weigh the conquences of committing crime. They resort to crime only if the cost or conquences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained.(桃花树下桃花庵 Garland, 2008)
Although both the studies focus on the clo relation between poverty and crime, they have ignored … according to Leach and Mearns (1995).
3.1 Using references
崔雅涵微博Information prominent citation
Among the six areas regarding the poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day, sub-Saharan Africa constitutes the biggest ratio up to almost 50% of the population. (World Bank, 2012)
Author prominent citation
The World Bank (2012) states that South Asia ranks the cond in the chart regarding poverty ratio at $1.25 a day among six areas in the world.
Weak author prominent citation
远足感悟As a report from the World Bank (2012) indicated, the top two areas of poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day were sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with a population of almost 50 percent and 37 percent respectively.
3.2 Relating literature to your rearch
What questions does this literature review answer?
用英语简单介绍自己 (Key: This literature offers a summary of previous rearch, so it simply tells the reader what was discovered in previous rearch.)
What questions doesn't it answer?
(Key: It doesn't evaluate the rearch it summarizes, nor does it show the relationships between the different theories, views and approaches it describes.)
纪念碑简笔画
Which method has the writer ud to organize the literature review?
(Key: The writer has organized this literature review around the rearchers, and has prented it chronologically (arranging the work by when it was published). Notice that by organizing it around the rearchers (the summaries are listed after the names of the people who did the rearch) and not around the rearch (e.g. around key concepts) the writer emphasizes the people and not their work.)
Is it a good literature review? Why?
(Key: We don't believe that it is a good literature review. It only gives a summary of previous rearch but it does not u the literature to explain more about the writer's own rearch problem. Also, it is not critical: after we read it we still do not know which theories or findings are important, which are inconclusive, what the shortcomings are, etc.
