双语朗读美文：日本的筷子文化
导语本文通过筷子这种取食工具分析日本文化的内涵.日本和中国同属汉字文化圈和筷子文化圈.从中国引入日本后筷子后在饮食生活中得到普及和发展,并产生了独特的筷子文化.筷子的长度和形状也进行了改造,与中国多用竹筷子不同,日本筷子多木制、稍短、尖头粗尾,更好的适应日本饮食多生冷、分餐制的特点.日本筷子还因使用者而有所区别,有儿童专用筷、成人专用筷、客人专用筷,还分男女筷.公用筷和方便筷的产生都缘于日本人认为筷子用后灵魂会停留在上面,不能让别人玷污了自己的灵魂而使自己遭受灾祸.在筷子的使用上有多达几十种禁忌,其中除了不雅举止外,有的还和葬礼有关系.
叔叔英语怎么说
可可西里海拔>手冰凉What do you usually eat with?
If your answer is not, "My hands, " then you belong to one of two minorities on this planet. Thirty percent of us usually eat with cutlery. Another thirty percent u chopsticks.
你一般是用什么吃东西的呢?
如果你的回答说的不是手，那么你便是属于这个星球上主要两大类人群之一了。在我们这
个星球上，有百分之三十的人吃饭时是使用刀具的，而另外百分之三十的人则是使用筷子。
How the Japane began to u chopsticks is a subject of debate. Some say chopsticks wended their way, along with other facets of culture, from China, throughKorea, toJapanaround the sixth century AD. Others, that they were brought directly back toJapanby an imperial envoy at a somewhat later date. In any ca, like many things that came fromChinatoJapan, chopsticks were initially revered.
The Japane word for "chopsticks" is hashi which is a homophone with the Japane word meaning "bridge". The concept of chopsticks providing a bridge is a recurring motif in Japane culture, reflected in distinctive shapes and materials that vary with the occasions of their u. In their early history, Japane chopsticks provided a bridge between the human and the divine.Rather than for taking ordinary meals, they were ud, at first, for sharing food with the gods.
日本人是如何开始用筷子的呢?这个问题一直都在被人讨论。有的人说筷子是和其它文化事
物一样，大概在公元6世纪的时候，从中国经由韩国，再传到日本。当然也有人说，筷子之所以流传到日本，是当时帝国之间的使者往来所造成的。无论怎么说，像其它早期从中国流传到日本的那样东西一样，筷子从一开始在日本就受到了尊从。
在日文中，筷子的发音是hashi，这和桥在日本中的发音是一样的。而这样的一层含义也就表达出了在日本文化中，筷子是被赋予了搭建各种文化桥梁的深刻含义，这从筷子在不同场合中有不同的形状，材料这一点上可以反映出来。日本的早期历史中，筷子还充当了把人和神联系起来的桥梁，筷子不仅仅是人们平时吃饭时所使用的工具，更重要的是，使用筷子则象征着神是与你一在一起的。
It was believed that when a pair of chopsticks was offered to a deity, the chopsticks became inhabited by that deity. When tho chopsticks were ud to eat the food that was offered along with them, mortal and immortal dined together.
自从人们把一双筷子敬奉给神明后，人们则认为神明也是用筷子吃饭的，所以当用筷子来吃饭时，无论是凡人还是神明，都是一样在使用筷子。
醋泡鸡蛋实验
Unlike their Chine precursors, of uniform thickness, Japane chopsticks are tapered along their length. The chopsticks ud for ceremonial purpos are tapered on both ends. Akira Izu explained when I visited his chopstick muum in Kyoto, "The gods said, 'One end is for you, the other is for us.'"
和早就在使用筷子的中国不同，中国的筷子上下差不多都是一样粗细，而日本的筷子则是随着筷子的长度，尾端变的越来越细。另外，在商业会餐中使用的筷子则是两边都很细，对于这个问题，曾经我参访京都筷子博物馆时，Akira Izu是这样解释的：“神曰：一边为你，一边是为我。”
This kind of ceremonial chopstick is still in u inJapan, today. One venue is the formal tea ceremony. The form of the tea ceremony was crystallized by the venteenth century tea master, Senno Rikyu, who prescribed a light meal before sharing tea. It is said that Rikyu would carve new chopsticks, himlf, from a fresh block of cedar before his guests would arrive. The had tapered, rounded ends and a squared off middle ction so as to be held easily. This style of chopsticks still bears Rikyu's name and is ud for the tea ceremony and in many restaurants.
fatness
像这种在不同场合下使用不同的筷子如今在日本依然是一种习惯。正式的茶会就是一个很好的例子，这种形式的茶会的中心思想是源自于日本17世纪一位禅宗大师—利修，他每次在给客人上茶前都会让客人稍微吃一点东西。据说村田每次在客人到来之前，都会亲自用雪松木自己制作筷子，他做的筷子尖顶圆底，筷子中间的部分较平坦，这样拿起来也比较方便。而这种筷子则是用利修的名字命名并一直在日本的茶会和其它餐厅里沿用至今。
You will also find ceremonial chopsticks ud in Japane homes during New Year celebrations. They are made from light colored wood, with a round cross-ction throughout. It is common, at a big family gathering, for each member to receive his or her own t of the chopsticks to u throughout the holiday period. Following the holidays the chopsticks are often taken to a temple and burned in a fire maintained for that purpo.
The custom of individuals using their own pair of chopsticks is not only for the holidays.
在新年里，礼仪场合下使用的筷子也会出现在日本家庭中。通常它们都是由明亮颜色的木头制作而成的，两头都是圆柱形。不但如此，逢年过节在大家庭聚会中，大家都使用自己
北方蒸年糕的做法家常做法
的筷子是再平常不过的了。在一些节日里，这类筷子通常也会被带到寺庙中去被点燃，并赋予上节日的意义。
Chopsticks gradually took their place, in Japan, as a bridge between rving vesls and the mouth in ordinary meals. Unlike Chine families, who keep a collection of a dozen or so identical chopsticks in a box or a large cup on the dining table, Japane families tend to keep personal pairs of chopsticks for each family member.
不仅仅是在逢年过节的时候大家都使用自己的筷子，筷子在日本正逐渐变的重要，作为重要场合中的代表以及平常餐饮中的工具，筷子依旧充当连接两者的桥梁。在中国的家，无论是普通筷子还是个人筷子，都是收在一起放到一个盒子里或者一个杯子里并摆放在桌上，而日本家庭则是把每个家庭成员的筷子都单独分好放好。
Japane chopsticks for every day u are tapered at only the end ud to grasp the food, and can be found in vast variety. At the beginning of the venteenth century the people of Wakasa (an area along theJapanSeacoast) began to apply lacquer to chopsticks. This made them more slippery, but longer lasting.
在日本，通常每天要用的筷子底部都是尖的，这样的筷子哪里都是。在若州(日本一个沿海的小镇)，17世纪初人们开始往筷子上涂漆，这样就使得筷子变得更滑了但同时也使筷子的寿命变的更长久了。
