subject to;含义;译法
首先将subject 和to 单独理解,subject的主要和常用意思是:
1. As a noun, a person owing loyalty to a certain state or royal ruler: a subject of the United Kingdom.
作名词,指对某个国家或统治者表示忠诚的人,用常用汉语表述为“臣民、国民”;如:英国国民。
2. As a noun, something being considered, as in a conversation: Don’t change the subject; answer the question.
作名词,指如在一个谈话中正在讨论、考虑的东西,汉语表述为“话题、主题、论题”;如:不要改变话题,回答这个问题。从翻译的角度来讲,这句话可以用更好的中文表述:不要东拉西扯,回答这个问题;不要罔顾左右而言它,回答这个问题。
3. As a noun, a branch of knowledge studied, as in a system of education: she’s taking 3 subjects in her examinations.
作名词,所学知识的一个分支,如在教育系统中的学科,汉语表述为“科目、学科”:她在参加三门学科的考试。
4. As a noun, a cau: his strange cloth was a subject for amument.
草房子读后感作名词,(事情的)起因,汉语表述为“起因、原因、缘由”:他奇怪的服饰是大家取笑的原因(直译);他奇怪的服饰成了大家的笑料。
5. As a noun, the main area of interest treated in a work, esp. written: a book on the subject of love.
计划英文新居落成
作名词,著作中的主题思想,尤其是在书面作品中,汉语表述“主题、主体、题材”:一本以爱情为主题的书。
6. As an adjective, governed by some one el; not independent: a subject race.
作形容词,(被)统治的,不独立的;汉语表述为“隶属的、统治的、管辖的、服从的”:一个隶属民族。
7. As a verb, to cau to be controlled or ruled: The people have been subjected by another tribe.
作动词,被统治、控制;汉语表述为“统治、控制”:这些人被另外一个部落统治着。
我们都知道“to”在英语中都作介词使用,主要意思是:向、去、到、达到、比、对、在等等。
当subject 和to连用,构成短语subject to,其意思发生了很大变化,尤其是和它的名词形式。因而Subject to是英语中一个很常见、很重要但很难把握的短语。特别是在商务合同、法律和税收等中出现的频率很高,不少人由于没有真正了解它的用法,而不能正确理解、翻译和使用它。下面谈谈subject to的用法:
一、 作形容词用
1. 基本含义是“应服从……的……”、“受制于……”。英语解释:owing obedience to, 示例:
All the foreigner friends are subject to the law of our country.
所有外国朋友都应服从我们国家法律。
2. 基本含义是“有……倾向”、“易受……”。英语解释为:prone to, vulnerable to。
Wenchuan and Qingchuan counties in Sichuan province are subject to earthquakes as they are located on Longmenshan Earthquake Zone.
四川省的汶川和青川县易受地震的影响,因为它们位于龙门山地震带上。
A weak man is subject to cold.
体质不好的人易感冒。
Rates of Exchange is often subject to fluctuation.
汇率总是在波动。
3. 基本含义“按照……”,“须经……”英语解释:conditional upon。示例:
Your payment is subject to following alteration:20% discount for the total value.
贵方付款须按如下更改:即总价基础上优惠20%。
二、作副词用,意思是“在……条件下”,“依照……”;英语解释:conditionally upon。示例:
This contract can only be signed subject to the President’s connt.
初中生学习计划表 本合同须经总裁同意后方能签署。
Subject to 作副词,作条件状语。
三、作动词用:subject……to……
1. 基本意思是“使服从于……”,“使隶属于……”。英语解释:bring or get a country, nation, person etc. under control. 示例:
Ancient Rome subjected most of Europe to her rule.
古罗马征服了大半个欧洲。
2. 基本意思是“使遭受”、“使经历”。英语解释:cau to undergo or experience;expo。示例:
③We must subject all the applications to careful scrutiny.
(直译:我们必须使所有申请遭受严格的审查)
我们必须对所有的申请进行仔细的审查。
总之,subject to可作形容词、副词、动词词组来使用,to 是介词,sub-在英语中有较强的“在……下面”,“附属”,“次于”的意思,明白这些,我们就很容易掌握并运用它了。
四.有关含subject to疑难句子的理解。
1. If someone or something is subject to something, especially something bad, it is possible or likely that they will be affected by it.
如果某人或者某物受某些事物支配,尤其是不好的事物,可能那些从属物会受到它的影响(它指上面的从属于后的事物)
2. If something is subject to something such as approval, it depends on that thing happening before it can happen
如果某些事物从属于另外一些事物,比如“获得批准”,它必须依赖于它发生前那件事是可以发生的。
顶级发型师 e.g. The package of plan is subject to approval by the Board of Directors.
这一揽子计划须经董事会批准。
3. If you are subject to a rule, law, tax,penalty etc, you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money.
如果你需服从规章、法律、税、处罚等,你一定要遵守规则或者付一定数量的钱。
4. Room rates are subject to 10% rvice charge with one breakfast per room per night。
每房每晚的房费须加收10%的服务费和早餐费。
本句话是酒店英语中常见可不好理解的。Be subjected to 在这里理解为“附加收取”。
5. This documentary credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1993 Revision) International Chamber of Commerce (publication No. 500).
译文:本跟单信用证受国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》团支部活动记录(1993 年修订本) 中国品牌服装约束(出版编号:500)。
本句话中的subject to 在跟单信用证证中意为“受…… 约束, 受…… 管制”。此条款在国际付款中是最常见的、模板化的条款。商务英语学习者必须对类似的条款进行收集、整理以提高工作效率。
6. Further project terms, procedures, and conditions are subject to contract negotiation and shall be agreed prior to award of order.
译文:项目的别的条款、程序和条件须按照合同谈判商定并在发出订单前达成共识。
这是一份报价书里的句子。由于报价书篇幅所限,报价方只对重要的条款如供货范围、价格、交货时间、付款条款等作了说明,而将别的项目用本句子约定。这里subject to 理解为
“按照……”。
葛根粉有什么用7. The buyer shall keep confidential the basic design, know-how, technical documentation and technical information supplied by the ller from any third party except tho who are actually engaged in the performance of planning, erection and operation of the contract plant, however, they shall be subject to the same crecy.