Non-finite verbs
非限定动词/非谓语动词
不定式，动名词，分词
考点1：现在分词、过去分词的用法辨析
分词：起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。
在概念上应清楚：
● prent participle(现在分词)表示主动，表示动作在进行。
● past participle(过去分词)表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词短语做定语
1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague
changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。
Good news was sometimes relead prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
先判断该分词修饰哪个词，着重考察与所修饰的词是主动还是被动的关系。
This may have prerved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _____ in Africa(1996).
A. hunted B. hunting
C. that hunted D. are hunteda
A
He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _____ out and three men climbing down it. (1995)
A. throwing B. being thrown
C. having thrown D. having been thrown
B
(3) 某些不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
decead, departed, elapd, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, rin, t, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come ……
an escaped prisoner 一个逃犯
a retired worker 一位退休工人
a faded curtain 一个褪了色的窗帘
a newly arrived student 一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语
(1)如果分词短语和主句拥有同一个主语：
考察该分词动作与主句主语的关系。主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
(2) 如果分词短语拥有自己的主语（独立主格）：
考察分词动作与独立主格主语的关系。主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
(examples in the text of Unit 2)
考点2：分词的时态辨析
分词做状语时，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式：
(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前发生)诫律
2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
(3)崔丽杰表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。
The article opens and clos with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a parate task.
______ , he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998)
A. 学习做饭Obtaining not a ticket for the match
B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match
C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match
D. Not obtained a ticket for the match
C
考点3：.分词的独立主格结构
分词短语如果没有自己的主语，则与主句同一个主语；
如果有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。
分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。
All flights having been canceled becau of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness 右眼皮跳怎么办tting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
Arriving at the bus stop, ______ waiting there. (1994)
A. a lot of people were
B. he found a lot of people
C. a lot of people
D. people were found
B
There __ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (2000)
A. to be B. to have been
C. being D. be
C
考点含有秋的诗句4：不定式和分词的辨析
开机启动项设置
____ is not a rious disadvantage in life. (2001)
A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall D. Not being tall
D
2. 有些句型须用不定式做主语补足语：
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。
草月流注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。
Eg. be said / reported / thought / believed / known / suppod + to do sth.
3. 不定式做宾语
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture ……….
4. 做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。
the first woman to t foot on the moon
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
tendency to do→tend to do,
decision to do→decide to do
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
ability to do →able to do
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort ….
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel ______. (1998)
A. to stay B. is to stay
C. to stay at D. is for staying
C
5. 不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式妈妈看着我。
分词作状语则表示时间、原因、伴随、方式、结果、补充说明等。
__ __ at in this way, the prent economic situation doesn’t em so gloomy. (2000)
