Elements of Thinking
The prominent u of words in thinking (silent speech) has encouraged the belief,especially among behaviourist and neobehaviourist psychologists,that to think is to string together linguistic elements subvocally.Early experiments(largely in the 1930s) by E.Jacobson and L.W. Max revealed that evidence of thinking commonly is accompanied by electrical activity in the muscles of the thinker’s organs of articulation.This work later was extended with the help of more sophisticated electromyographic equipment,notably by A.N. Sokolov.It became apparent,however,that the muscular phenomena are not the actual vehicles of thinking but reprent rather a means of facilitating the appropriate activities in the brain when an intellectual task is particularly exacting.The identification of thinking with speech was assailed by L.S. Vygotski and by J.Piager,both of whom saw the origins of human reasoning in the ability of children to asmble nonverbal acts into effective and flexible combinations.The theorists insisted that thinking and speaking ari independently,although they acknowldged the profound interdepende
写草莓的作文nce of the functions,once they have reached fruition.
什么是胆囊炎Following different approaches,a 19th-century Russian physiologist(I.M. Sechenov) ,the U.S. founder of the behaviourist school of pyschology(J.B. Watson),and a 20th-century Swiss developmental psychologist(Piage) all arrived at the conclusion that the activities that rve as elements of thinking are internalized or fractional versions of motor respons; that is ,电脑系统一键重装the elements are considered to be attenuated or curtailed variants of neuromuscular process that,if they were not subjected to partial inhibition,would give to visibly bodily movements.日日草
轻薄桃花逐水流Sensitive instruments can indeed detect faint activity in various parts of the body other than the organs of in a person’s limbs when the movement is thought of or imagined without actually taking place.Such findings have prompted statements to the effect that we think with the whole body and not only with the brain,or that “thought is simply behaviour---verbal or nonverbal,covert or overt” (B.F. Skinner).The logical outcome of the and similar statements was the periphe南宁大学
ralist view (Watson,C.L. Hull) that thinking depends on events in the musculature,feeding proprioceptive impuls back to influence subquent events in the central nervous system,ultimately to interact with external stimuli in determining the lection of a cour of overt action.
There is,however,evidence that thinking is not precluded by administering drugs that supress all muscular activity.Furthermore,it has been pointed out (e.g. by K.S. Lashley) that thinking,like other more-or-less skilled activities,often proceeds so quickly that there is simply not enough time for impuls to be transmitted from the central nervous system to a periphral organ and back again between concutive steps.So the centralist view that thinking consists of events confined to the brain (though often accompanied by widespread activity in the rest of the body) was gaining ground in the third quarter of the 20th century.Neverthless,each of the neural events can be regarded both as a respon (to an external stimulus or to an earlier neurally mediated thought or combination of thoughts) and as a stimulus (evoking a subquent thought or a motor respon).
1.The first paragraph is mainly about____
a. the identification of thinking with speech
b. the independence of thinking to speech
c. early experiments on the process of thinking
d. the origins of human thinking
油泼面的做法2.The underlined word “attenuated” in the 2 nd paragraph most probably means_____
a.enhanced b.integrated c.parated d.weakened
3.According to the centralist view of thinking,________
a.we think with the whole body and not only with the brain
b.we think with the brain rather than with the whole body
c.thinking may be hindered by administering drugs that supress all muscular activity
d.thinking is accompanied by muscular activity
4.The proper title for this passage should be______
a.Elements of Thinking b.The Prominent U of Words in Thinking
台湾作家有哪些
c.The Centralist View of Thinking d.The Periphralist View of Thinking
