Politic
The Shadow Cabinet僻组词组 (also called the Shadow Front Bench or Shadow Ministry) is a nior group of oppositionspokespeople in the Westminster system硬笔行楷 of government who together under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition form an alternative cabinet to the government's, who members shadow or mark each individual member of the government.
Members of a shadow cabinet are often but not always appointed to a Cabinet post if and when their party gets into government. It is the Shadow Cabinet's responsibility to pass criticism on the current government and its respective legislation, as well as offering alternative policies.
Westminster model个人感觉这个不太会考
威斯敏斯特体系的特点包括：政府的行政体系通常由立法机构的成员组成，高级行政官员组成内阁；行政与立法的两权制衡；反对党的存在；统一的中央集权的国家级政府；两院制；
多元的利益集团体系；两党制；单一选区多数决制；全国统管的中央银行；宪法弹性。
The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the at of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The system is a ries of procedures for operating a legislature. It is ud, or was once ud, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations upon being grantedresponsible government3笔画的字, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian coloniesbetween 1855 and 1890.
Key characteristics
Important features of the Westminster system include the following, although not all of the following aspects have been prerved in every Westminster-derived system:[citation needed]
∙ a sovereign or head of state who is the nominal or legal and constitutional holder of executive power, and holds numerous rerve powers, but who daily duties mainly consist of performing ceremonial functions. Examples include Queen Elizabeth II, the Governor-General in independent Commonwealth countries, or the presidents of many countries and state/provincial governors in republican federal systems.
∙ a head of government (or head of the executive), known as the prime minister (PM), premier or first minister. While the head of government is appointed by the head of state, the constitutional convention is that the person appointed must be supported by the majority of elected Members of Parliament.[1] If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the same political party, then the person appointed is typically the head of that party.[1]
∙ a 家常油焖大虾de facto executive branch usually made up of members of the legislature with the nior members of the executive in a cabinet led by the head of government; such members execute executive authority on behalf of the nominal or theoretical executive authority.
∙ parliamentary opposition(a multi-party system);
∙ an elected legislature, often bicameral, in which at least one hou is elected, although unicameral systems also exist; legislative members are usually elected by district in first-past-the-post elections (as oppod to country-wide proportional reprentation). Exception to this are New Zealand, which changed in 1993 to u mixed-member proportional reprentation; Israel, which has always ud country wide proportional reprentation; and Australia, which us preferential voting.
∙ a lower hou of parliament with an ability to dismiss a government by "withholding (or blocking) Supply" (rejecting a budget), passing a motion of no confidence, or defeating a confidence motion. The Westminster system enables a government to be defeated, or forced into a general election, independently of a new government being chon.
∙ a parliament which can be dissolved and elections called at any time.
∙ parliamentary privilege, which allows the Legislature to discuss any issue deemed by its
elf to be relevant, without fear of conquences stemming from defamatory statements or records thereof.
∙ 毕业词minutes of meetings, often known as Hansard, including an ability for the legislature to strike discussion from the minutes.新闻的英语
frontbench
In many parliaments and other similar asmblies, ating is typically arranged in banks or rows, with each political party or caucus grouped together. The spokespeople for each group will often sit at the front of their group, and are then known as being on the frontbench (or front bench) and are described as frontbenchers. Tho sitting behind them are known as backbenchers. Independent and minority parties sit to the side, and are referred to ascrossbenchers.
backbencher
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In Westminster parliamentary systems, a backbencher is a Member of Parliament (MP) or a legislator who does not hold governmental office and is not a Front Bench spokesperson in the Opposition. A backbencher may be a new parliamentary member yet to receive high office, a nior figure dropped from government, or someone who for whatever reason is not chon to sit either in the ministry or the opposition Shadow Ministry.
Strangers' Gallery
The Strangers' Gallery潦倒新停浊酒杯前一句 is t aside for members of the public at the British Hou of Commons, and is intended forboth invited and uninvited members of the public to watch the proceedings of the Hou. A similar gallery exists in the Hou of Lords. Members of the public may obtain tickets from their Member of Parliament. It is possible to queue outside St Stephen's Tower and be admitted to the gallery without booking, especially on Fridays, however during popular debates it will be nearly impossible to obtain a place wit
hout booking. The name refers to the traditional u of the term strangers to refer to tho prent in Parliament that are neither members nor staff.
