王蔷《英语教学法教程（第二版）》讲义
Unit1Language and Language Learning
Unit2Communicative Principles and Task-bad Language Teaching Unit3The National English Curriculum
Unit4Lesson Planning
Unit5Classroom Management
Unit6Teaching Pronunciation
Unit7Teaching Grammar
Unit8Teaching Vocabulary
Unit9Teaching Listening
Unit10Teaching Speaking
Unit11Teaching Reading
Unit12Teaching Writing拖拉管施工方案
Unit13Integrated Skills
Unit14Moral Learning
Unit15Asssment in Language Teaching
Unit16Learner Differences and Learner Training
Unit17Using and Creating Resources
Unit18Evaluating and Adapting Textbooks
语言和语言学习
【考情分析】
本章主要讨论语言观和语言学习观、优秀教师的基本素养以及如何成为一名优秀的英语教师。
主要考点：结构主义、功能主义和交互语言理论；行为主义、认知主义、建构主义和社会建构主义学习理论；一个好的语言老师必备的素养；教师专业技能发展等。
【知识框架】
Unit1 Language and Language Learning Views on language
Views in general
用呼风唤雨造句A good language teacher
Functional view
Behaviourist theory钢铁是怎样炼成的故事梗概
Cognitive theory文明传承
Constructivist theory
Socio-constructivist theory
Interactional view
How can one become
a good language teacher?
An overview of the book
ethic devotion
professional qualities
personal styles
Stage1
Language training
Stage2
Learning,practice
and reflection
Goal
语言和语言学习拾金不昧新闻稿
1.1How do we learn languages?
We learn language at different ages
People have different experiences
People learn languages for different reasons
People learn languages in different ways
People have different understandings
People have different capabilities in language learning
Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught
Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve.
Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.
挣扎近义词1.2Views on language
In the past century,language teaching and learning practice has been influenced by three different views of language,namely,the structural view,the functional view and the interactional view.
(1)The structural view of language结构主义语言观
The structural view of language es language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem(Larn-Freeman&Long,1991):the sound system(phonology音系学);the discrete units of meanings produced by sound combinations(morphology形态学/词汇学),and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax句法学).Each language has a finite number of such structural items.
结构主义语言观：结构主义语言观将语言看作由许多子系统组成的语言学系统(Larn-Freeman&Long,1991)：语音系统(音系学)；产生于语音集合的意义的离散单位(形态学)，以及交际意义的集合单元系统(句法学)。每一种语言的结构项目的数量都是有限的。
To learn a language means to learn the structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.When this structural view of language was combined with the stimulus-respon principles of behavioristic psychology,the audiolingual approach to language learning emerged.鹿寨王维
学习语言意为学习这些结构以至于能够理解和产出语言。当结构主义语言观和与行为主义心理学的刺激-反应原则结合时，通过听说的学习方法就显现出来了。
(2)Functional view of language功能主义语言观
In the1960s,British linguists developed a system of categories bad on the communicative needs of the learner(Johnson and Marrow,1981)and propod a syllabus bad on communicative functions.
The functional view not only es language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.Most of our day-to-day language u involves functional activities:offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learners learn a language in order to do things with it.In order to perform functions,learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.Examples of notions are the concept of prent,past& future time,the expressions of certainty and possibility,the roles of agents, instruments within a ntence,and special relationships between people and objects.精英的英文
功能主义语言观不仅把语言视为语言学系统，还当作做事情的意义。我们的大多数日常语用就包含了功能性活动：给予，推荐，建议，道歉等等。因此，学习者学习语言是为了用它做事。为了表现功能，学习者们需要知道如何整合语法规则和词汇来表达概念以展现功能。概念的例子如现在、过去、
将来时的概念，可能性与必然性的表述，非句子的代理、工具的角色，以及人与物间的特殊关系。
(3)Interactional view of language交互语言观
The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool,who main u is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Therefore,learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language,but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context.
交互语言观认为语言是交际的工具，主要用来构建和维持人们之间的社会关系。因此，人们不只是需要知道语言中的语法和词汇，更重要的是，人们需要知道在整个交际语境范围内使用它们的规则。
1.3Views on language learning and learning in general
A language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually includes:1) the psycholinguistic and cognitive process involved in language learning;2)the conditions that need to be met in order for the learning process to be activated.
Two broad theories
Process-oriented theories 过程导向理论Condition-oriented theories 条件导向理论
are concerned with how the mind process new information,such as habit formation,induction,making inference,hypothesis testing and generalization.
过程导向理论涉及大脑如何组织新信息的方式，比如习惯的养成、归纳、推论、假设的检验和概括。
emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place,such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive,and the learning atmosphere.
条件导向理论注重语言学习过程中人本语境和实体语境的本质，如学生的数量、学习者输入的种类以及学习氛围。
Some rearchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from the theories.For example,the Natural Approach(自然法),Total Physical Respon(全身反应法)and the Silent Way(静默法)are bad on one or more dimensions of process and conditions.
(1)Behaviourist theory行为主义---Skinner斯金纳
Background:The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by hehavioural psychologist Skinner(行为心理学家斯金纳),who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning(条件理论)to t
he way humans acquire language(Harmer,1983).The key point of the theory of conditioning is that“you can train an animal to do anything(within reason)if you follow a certain
