1.Word：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a ntence
2.vocabulary：
（1）Total number of the words in a language
（2）Words ud in a particular historical period
（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，
3. The basic word stock：is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.
4. Terminology ：consists of technical terms ud in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education.
二趾树懒
5. Jargon ：refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts，sciences，trades and professions communicate among themlves
6. Slang ：belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that ems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant，jargon，and argot
7. Content words：denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbs and numerals
8. Functional words：do not have notions of their own. Therefore，they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions，the relation between words as well as between ntences
9. borrowed words：are words taken over from foreign languages，known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms
10. Denizens：are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.
11. Aliens：are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling
12.Translation-loans：are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.
13. Semantic-loans：Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed
14.Creation ：refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements
15. Semantic change：means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need
怀孕早期症状16. morpheme：is ' the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'
17. monomorphemic words：coincide with words as they can stand by themlves and function freely in a ntence
凶手的英文18. allomorphs：are alternative morphs realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word
19. Free Morphemes自由词素：have complete meaning in themlves and can be ud as free grammatical units in ntences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itlf. (which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free).
20. Bound Morphemes(粘着语素)：A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itlf. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.
21.Affixes：are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function
22. affixes can be put into two groups:
1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)：affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.
2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀)：derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
打折活动23. A root ：is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyd without total loss of identity.
起诉书格式
In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology，a ' root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been re-moved'.
A stem：can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
24. Affixation：is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation，for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives
应聘的自我介绍
25. affixation falls into two subclass：prefixation and suffixation.
（1）Prefixation：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.
（2）Suffixation：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem，suffixes have only
a small mantic role，their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.
26. Compounding：is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.
27. Conversion：is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class
28. Blending：is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words
八画的字29. clipping ：is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.
30. Acronymy：is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phras and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms，depending on the pronunciation of the words.
图坦卡蒙法老31. Initialisms：are words pronounced letter by letter. In cas likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),B.C. (Before Christ) and C.O.D. (cash on delivery)
32. Acronyms：are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word，for example radar (radio detecting and ranging)，and W A VES (Women Appointed for V oluntary Emergency Service)，etc
33. Back-formation：is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know，suffixation
is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bas，and back-formation：is the formation of new words by removing the suppod suffixes.
34. Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction，yet with the help of context，it can refer to something specific
35. Concept（概念）：which is beyond language，is the result of human cognition(结识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Meaning and concept ：They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Meaning so is restricted to language u.
36. Sen:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The n of an expression is its place in a system of mantic relationsh ips with other expressions in the language.
37. Sen and Reference：Unlike reference，'n' denotes the relationships inside the language. 'The n of an expression is its place in a system of mantic relationships with other expressions in the language. ' (ibid) Since the n of an expression is not a thing，it is often difficult to say wha
t sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. Every word that has meaning has n (not every word has reference).
38. Motivation(动机)：accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As we know，the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary，and most words can be said to be non-motivated.
39. Onomatopoeic motivation（象声动机）：words who sounds suggest their meaning，for the words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or nois. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning.
40.Morphological motivation （词素动机）：Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.：airmail
41. Semantic motivation（语义动机）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal n and figurative n of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)
