1 .What is a word? word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2. In what way are words related to vocabulary?
Vocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is compod of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.
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3. Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .
Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English becau the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chine people u/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages u different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, . /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.
4 .Enumerate the caus for the differences between sound and form of english words
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There are generally four major caus of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to u one letter to reprent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.
5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling
Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others becau the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.
6. What are the characteristics of basic word stock
Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words esntial to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by张国荣经典歌曲 all national character, stability, polymy, productivity and collocability.
7. choo the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left
A tart 吐司面包 loo woman b. bloke fellow pistol d. swell 安全伴我行手抄报内容great e. chicken coward
F .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl
8. given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words
haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it ems to me eke= also bade= bid
smooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the a
9. Explain neologisms with examples
Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mou(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.
10. What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words
By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly ud to connect content words into ntences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in u than content words.
11. How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?
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Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly esntial to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual u.
12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and mantic loans
Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans
kettle confrere chopsticks dream
die pro patria black humour
skirt parvenu 哄男朋友的话 long time no e
wall Wunderkind typhoon
husband Mikado
西班牙海鲜饭 Key to chapter 2
1. Why should students of english lexicology study the In-European language family?
