2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语（一）试题
Section I U of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choo the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
①Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. ②That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
①The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which
4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. ②The same people were ud in both
5 .
①While 1% may em 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. ②As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to lect as friends the people who 8 our kin.”
①The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. ②Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.
③10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. ④There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !
①One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes em to be evolving
15 than other genes. ②Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
①The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend tho of similar 19 backgrounds, say the rearchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
1. [A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advid
3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on
4. [A] parated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected
5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] ek
8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] remble
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewi [D] Perhaps
11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like
12. [A] limit [B] obrve [C] confu [D] drive
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14. [A] chances [B] respons [C] benefits [D] missions
15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier
16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand
澳大利亚经纬度17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [A] e [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
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Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
安徽国税局Text 1
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①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” ②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. ③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is eing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
①The Spanish ca provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarid, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can ri above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of states. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived becau they allow voters to av
喜炎平说明书oid the difficult arch for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not hors (or helicopters). ③Even so,
the are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
①It is only the Queen who has prerved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifest
yle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived becau they provide a rvice—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _______.
[A] ud to enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] ead his relationship with his rivals
[D] ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _______.
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to
[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals “have most to fear” becau Charles _______.
[A] takes a tough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advid
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himlf to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
Text 2
①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can arch the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upts the old assumptions that authorities may arch through the posssions of suspects at the time of their
arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to asss the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
①The court would be recklessly mod est if it followed California’s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
①They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehou of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s pur. ②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when th ey go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping nsitive information on the devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable arches.
①As so often is the ca, stating t hat principle doesn’t ea the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cas, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to arch through phone contents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing vere, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erad or altered while a warrant is pending. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
①But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile u as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the pasnger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.
[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
指迷茯苓丸[B] arch for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.
[A] disapproval
[B] indifference
[C] tolerance
[D]cautiousness
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to_______.
[A] getting into one’s residence
[B] handling one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspond ences
[D] going through one’s wallet
29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.
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[A] principles are hard to be clearly expresd
[B] the court is giving police less room for action
[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected
[D] phones are ud to store nsitive information
30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that_______.
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
[C]California’s argumen t violates principles of the Constitution
[D]principles of the Constitution should never be altered
Text 3
①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published rearch findings.
①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed ven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review the manuscripts.
①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific rearch and is part of Science’s overall drive to increa reproducibility in the rearch we publish.”
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①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. ②He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”③He agreed to join becau he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. ④This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itlf, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies rearch methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. ③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more esntial than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
