第38卷第6期2019年6月
地质通报
GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN OF CHINA
Vol.38,No.6Jun.,2019
Received on September 29,2018；accepted on October 20,2018；Published on June 15,2019
This project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41790455,41772008),the National Geographic
Society,USA (No.EC0768-15);the Fundamental Rearch Funds for the Central Universities (No.2652017215),the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chine Academy of Sciences)(No.173127).
Author:XING Lida (1982-),male,Ph.D,Professor,prently specializes in the Mesozoic vertebrate paleontology and functional
morphology.E-mail:xinglida@cugb.edu
Cretaceous dinosaur tracks from Maling Mountain of Xinyi City,Jiangsu Province:From tiger to carnivorous dinosaur and from folklore to paleontology
中国新沂马陵山白垩纪恐龙足迹
——从虎到肉食龙及由传说至古生物学
XING Lida 1,2,3,NIU Kecheng 3,LOVKLEY Martin G 4,GUO Ying 5,TANG Yonggang 5,PERSONS W Scott Ⅳ6,RAN Hao 7
邢立达1，2，3
，钮科程3，马丁G 洛克利4，郭颖5，唐永刚5，W.斯考特培森四世6，冉浩7
1.State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China;
2.School of Earth Sciences and Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China;
3.Yingxiang No.5Stone Nature History Muum,Quanzhou 362300,Fujian,China;
4.Dinosaur Trackers Rearch Group,University of Colorado,Denver PO Box 173364,Denver CO 80217,USA;
5.Institute of Geology and Paleontology,Linyi University,Linyi 276000,Shandong,China;
6.Department of Biological Sciences,University of Alberta,11145Saskatchewan Drive,EdmontonAlberta T 6G 2E 9,Canada;
7.Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection,Ministry of Education,Guangxi Normal University,Guilin 541004,Guangxi,China
1.中国地质大学（北京）生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室，北京100083；
嘉茂2.中国地质大学（北京）地球科学与资源学院，北京100083；
3.福建省印象五号石文化博物馆，福建泉州362000；
4.美国科罗拉多大学丹佛分校恐龙追踪者团队，美国丹佛80217；
弃耕抛荒
5.临沂大学地质与古生物研究所，山东临沂276000；
网上备案
6.阿尔伯塔大学生物科学系，加拿大埃德蒙顿T6G 2E9；
7.广西师范大学珍稀濒危动植物生态与环境保护省部共建教育部重点实验室，广西桂林541004
摘要：江苏省新沂市马陵山地区的4个神秘的印记，传统上被解释为“李存孝打虎处”的“虎爪印”和“人足迹”，重新将其解释为大盛群田家楼组恐龙足迹。这些足迹中只有一个最深的“虎爪印”保存了可识别的趾印，表明它是一个有着后内侧拇趾印的兽脚类恐龙左足迹，是一道单步约50cm 的直线行迹的一部分；另一种解释是该足迹为小型蜥脚类恐龙的右后足迹，形成行迹的右侧部分，其左侧部分没有保存。马陵山足迹点提供了恐龙足迹如何影响中国民间传说的另一个案例。关键词：早白垩世；恐龙足迹；蜥脚类；大盛群；传说中图分类号：P534.53；Q915.2+2
文献标志码：A
文章编号：1671-2552(2019)06-0905-06
906地质通报GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN OF CHINA2019年Xing L D,Niu K C,Lockley M G,Guo Y,Tang Y G,Persons W SⅣ,Ran H.Cretaceous dinosaur tracks from Maling Mountain of Xinyi City,Jiangsu Province:From tiger to carnivorous dinosaur and from folklore to paleontology.Geological Bulletin of China,2019,38(6):905-910
鸿江别后又重逢打一字Abstract:Four enigmatic depressions,traditionally referred to as“tiger’s paw traces”and"human footprints"from"Li Cunxiao Fighting Tiger"site of the Maling Mountain area in Xinyi City of Jiangsu Province are here interpreted as dinosaur tracks belonging to the Early Cretaceous Tianjialou Formation of the Dasheng Group.Only one of the“tiger’s paw traces”at the largest depth prerves recognizable digit tracks,suggesting it is a left theropod track,with posterior medial hallux trace,forming part of a linear trackway with steps of~50cm.Alternatively,the track may be a small sauropod right pes track forming part of a trackway in which the left side footprints were not registered.Malingshan tracksite demonstrates another ca of how dinosaur tracks influenced Chine folklore.
Key words:Early Cretaceous;dinosaur tracks;theropod;Dasheng Group;legend
1Introduction
The Yishu fault zone(along Zhucheng-Ju'nan-Linshu-Tancheng),between Shandong Province and northern Jiangsu Province,is part of the famous Tanlu fault zone of northeastern China[1].Since2005,a number of dinosaur tracksites have been reported from the Yishu fault zone,including sites in Houzuoshan[2-6],Nanguzhai[7-8],Zhangzhuhewang[9],Jisha[10], Tangdigezh
uang[11],Beilin[12],Nanquan[13],Qingquansi[14-15] and Houmotuan[16].Trackmakers from the sites included non-avain theropods,birds,sauropods,and ornithischians,with the non-avain theropod showing the highest diversity.
For centuries,throughout China,dinosaur footprints have influenced popular legends and myths in the local areas where they occur[17].Ancient and contemporary folklore interpreted dinosaur footprints as tracks of mythical birds,mammals,gods,mythic heroes and/or as flower blossoms magically carved into stone[17-19].In many regions of China,track-bearing slabs were utilized as building materials and integrated in hous,yards,or cave dwellings,often rving as auspicious symbols or aesthetic decorations[18].
In June2018,the first author was contacted by Mr.Wang Yangzi,who expresd suspicion that the so-called“tiger’s paw traces”at“Li Cunxiao fighting tiger”site(GPS:34°11'33.58"N,118°20'25.65"E),
a Fig.1Locality map showing location of the Malingshan site
第38卷第6期XING Lida et al:Cretaceous dinosaur tracks from Maling Mountain of Xinyi City907
famous tourist attraction of Maling Mountain in Xinyi City,were quite similar to dinosaur tracks(Fig.1).In September2018,the main author investigated this site and made3D models of the prints using3D photographic technique.Their identity as dinosaur tracks is here confirmed.
Institutional abbreviations：
HMK=Hemenkou site,Yunnan Province,China; MLS=Malingshan site,Jiangsu Province,China;QQ= Qingquan site,Shandong Province,China
2Geological tting
The Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group,in Shandong and northern Jiangsu Province,reprents a t of alluvial fan-fluvial-lacustrine facies of detrital rocks mixed with muddy limestone.Kuang et al.[20] divided the Dasheng Group into the Lower Malanggou and Upper Tianjialou Formations.
The Tianjialou Formation forms the majority of the Jiaolai Basin deposits,which are a t of lacustrine facies dominated by dark gray,yellow green,and purple detrital rocks.Occasionally,the facies are mixed with dolomitic mudstones and micrite dolomite(dolomicrite).The thickness of the Tianjialou Formation exceeds500m.Bad on regional geological surveys and biostratigraphy,Kuang
et al.[20]considered that the Tianjialou/Mengtuan formations to have formed in the Late Aptian-Albian, about110~100Ma.
The Malingshan tracksite is situated to the east of Malingshan Town,Xinyi City,Jiangsu Province. There are at least two dinosaur tracks expod on an outcrop that measures3m long and2m wide.The tracks at the Malingshan tracksite are prerved in brick-red,medium thick-bedded,medium,grained sandstone and siltstone.Bad on previous geological mapping of the area[21],the Malingshan tracksite belongs to the Tianjialou Formation of the Dasheng Group.
3Methods
The in-situ track horizon was digitally photographed(24photographs)from various perspectives using a Canon EOS5D Mark III. Photographs were added to Agisoft Photoscan Professional Edition(version1.2.6build203864bit) following the procedure adapted from Xing et al.[8]to create a virtual3D track model.Visualisation of this surface using fal-colour elevation,contour maps, and ambient occlusions images were made through Paraview[22](version5.0.064bit)and CloudCompare (v2.6.164bit;www.cloudcompare)software packages.
4Dinosaur tracks
MLS-T1is compod of three presumed pes tracks:cataloged as MLS-T1a-d(Fig.2).MLS-T1a is the best-prerved and only reasonably diagnostic track.T1b and T1d are very shallow,only prerving the heel area.T1c is evidently too shallow to have been prerved,and so its position can only be inferred.MLS-T2is an isolated track made by another track maker.MLS-T1and T2are internally eroded and rainwater that has accumulated in the track to deepen them.
There are two possible interpretations of MLS-T1a,which is16.5cm in length and12.5cm in width with an L/W ratio of 1.3.There are three distinguishable claw marks in the distal area of the track that likely correspond to digits II-IV of a theropod.This interpretation is consistent with the aforementioned step and stride measurements(58cm and100cm respectively).The L/W ratio of1.3and the predominantly tridactyl pattern,with hint of tetradactyl,morphology,indicate MLS-T1a is likely a theropod in a linear ries(narrow trackway).In this interpretation the short right side digit could be the hallux(digitⅠtrace),prerved becau the track penetrated the substrate deeply,and the three anterior digit traces would reprents digits II-IV.This interpretation is perhaps the most plausible.Both theropod and sauropod tracks are common in the Early Cretaceous of China.Generally speaking theropod tracks show a greater range of size and
908地质通报GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN OF CHINA2019年include more small footprints.
An alternative interpretation is that the left side,
large claw mark reprents robust digit I of a
sauropod.The‘middle’claw mark would reprent
digit II and the right side trace would reprent digit
III.The small bulge on the right side of the track
could be the impression of digit IV/V.This would
make the track a right pes.However,the linear
山药炒多久能熟
quence of tracks makes this interpretation unlikely,
and would require a ries of right footprints,and
open the question of why the left footprints are not
prerved.It also appears that if this were a right
sauropod pes it is rotated the wrong utward
to left rather than to the right.There are also no
manus traces,although this could be explained by
overprinting and poor prervation.In the sauropod
interpretation one could argue that the
metatarsophalangeal pad region is smoothly curved,
but this does not make up for the aforementioned
arguments against a sauropod interpretation bad on
the apparent narrow linear arrangement of tracks.
Early Cretaceous sauropod tracks in East Asia are frequently attributed to either wide gauge Brontopodus[23] or narrow gauge Parabrontopodus[24-26].MLS-T1is small with three well-developed digit impressions directed anteriorly,a pattern sometimes en in smaller sauropod pes tr
饺子的英语怎么写acks in Korea[27].Although Brontopodus is the predominant sauropod ichnogenus in the Cretaceous of China and elwhere,other small-sized sauropod tracks from Shandong,Gansu and Beijing,South Korea have been referred to Parabrontopodus isp.[26].This alternative label could be consistent with the tiny size of MLS-T1which suggests a very small sauropod trackmaker,which is quite rare,although Lockley et al.[28]recently reported the smallest sauropod tracks known from China. Similar sized sauropod track are also known from the? Middle—Upper Jurassic Shedian Formation at Shuangbai,Yunnan Province(HMK-SIP1, 21.2cm)[29]and a sauropod trackway(QQ-S3,19cm) from the Lower Cretaceous Dasheng Group of southeast Shandong Province,China(Xing et al.,in press).Assuming a hip height/foot length ratio in the range of4.0~5.9:1for a sauropod[30-31],the hip height of the MLS-T1trackmaker is approximately66~ 97.35cm.The body length/hip height ratio is3.7:1 (bad on Shunosaurus)[32].The body length of the MLS-T1trackmaker is estimated to be2.4~3.6m. Small theropod hip height is generally estimated as4.5 times foot length[31],and body length can be estimated at2.63times hip height[33].Bad on this method,and assuming the trackmaker for MLS-T1,a hip height of 74cm and a body length of over2m can be calculated.
The MLS-T2is22cm in length and8.5cm in width,with an L/W ratio of2.6.No claw marks can be identified,and its contour is similar to a human footprint.Similar tracks have sometimes been identifie
d as tho of theropods with well-developed metatarsal pad traces.If that were the ca,the three toes(digits II-IV)of MLS-T2were evidently obscured by weathering and now form a single oblong depression.Theropod tracks that have undergone a similar erosional transformation are known from the Lower Cretaceous Glen Ro Formation of
Glen Fig.2Photo(A),photogrammetric image(B),and outline
drawings(C)of Malinshan tracks
第38卷第6期XING Lida et al:Cretaceous dinosaur tracks from Maling Mountain of Xinyi City909
Ro,Texas[34]and the Lower Cretaceous Jiaguan Formation of Hanxi site,southwest China[35]. Alternatively,MLS-T2may also be a sauropod track or tracks.When registered clo together,sauropod pes and manus tracks can result in a similar merged shape,as in sauropod tracks documented in Tibet, which were considered by local folklore to be footprints of a mountain god[36].Bad on the poor prervation of MLS-T2,we are unable to infer the identity of the trackmaker.
5Folklore
A stone tablet erected at the"Li Cunxiao Fighting tiger"site reads"It is said that Li Cunxiao, one of13sons of a famous governor in Tang Dynasty, was a man of unusual strength.He killed a tiger living in this mountain for people around this place.The tiger was got rid of once and for all after inten fighting.This place was marked with their footprints ever since."Li Cunxiao(858~894),once ca
lled An Jingsi,was a well-known military general in late Tang Dynasty,famous for his strength and outstanding strategy.There are many tourist attractions relating to legends surrounding Li Cunxiao.That the Malingshan site was said to be the place of battle between An Jingsi and a particularly fierce tiger is almost certainly attributable to the expod dinosaur tracks.With the well-defined claw marks,MLS-T1a does remble a large tiger’s paw.MLS-T2could be reasonably misinterpreted as the track of a human,and the ancients believed that Li Cunxiao was strong enough to leave footprint in stones.Thus Malingshan tracksite demonstrates another ca of how dinosaur tracks influenced Chine folklore.
6Conclusion
The“tiger’s paw traces”legend can continue with a new modification.The traces were likely made by a carnivore,most likely a theropod,but not by a tiger.This inference,bad on very limited diagnostic material,is consistent with the predominance of saurischiuna(non-avian theropod and sauropod tracks in the track-rich Tianjialou Formation of the Dasheng Group.This is the15th dinosaur tracksite reported from the Dasheng Group.
Acknowledgements：We thank Yong Ye (Zigong Dinosaur Muum,China)for his suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript.
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