newspaper
1.What is news? What are some categories of news?
News is information that is published in mass media about recent events in the country or world or in a particular area of activity.
Some categories of news:
In terms of style: spot news, news features.
In terms of nature: political, economic, sports, cultural,
In terms of area: international ,domestic, local.
In terms of timeliness: hard news and soft news
2.What is news value? What are some basic elements of news value?
News value refers to the importance of the facts and details in the news that satisfy the public's interest in news. Newspaper editors determine the newsworthiness of a report by the following principles:
(1)Timeliness: is whether it is a recent development or old news
(2)Proximity: is whether the story is relevant local readers or not.
(3)Conflicts: is whether the issue is developing and whether it has been resolved and if anybody care
(4)Prominence: is whether noteworthy people are involved
(5)Human interest: is whether it contain unique and interesting elements
3.What are the functions of the newspaper?
(1)to inform: to allow readers to learn more about the latest news.
(2)To influence: newspaper articles or news on a great influence of on the public, editorials
or commentaries point of view can influence the public’s views.
(3)To entertain: to entertain readers by some features such as comic strips, cartoons, and
rialized books.
(4)To adverti: the advertiment can bring some information timely, and also bring
income for the newspaper.
4.What are the features of a front page in a newspaper?
(1) A lead story: the most important political, economic or military event, sometimes
accompanied by a relevant photo
(2)News index or brief: on the side or bottom part of the front page.
(3) The headlines: brief but impactive.
(4)Often with few or even no advertiments
5.What are the main features of headlines in lexis(词汇), Grammar（语法）and Rhetoric（修
辞）?
(1)Lexical:
Small words and abbreviations instead of big, complete ones;
Choice of words in headlines — style and purpo.
(2)Grammatical:
天穹Omission of link verbs such as BE;
Infinitives for future events;
Phras as headlines;
Prent ten for past events;
Pre-modification
(3)Rhetorical:
Parody (仿拟): Temporary transformation allusions, proverbs, famous sayings;Metaphor (隐喻) 6.How do news magazines differ from newspapers in layout and news coverage?
The layout of a News Magazine
News magazines:
(1)Not merely tell the readers 5Ws but provide them with a perfect taste of an art of language.
(2)Many narrative and delayed leads
(3)Detailed descriptions and the conquences of the events, accompanied by captions
and photos and titles.
(4)Every issue has fixed columns. Cover story is the most important news item in a magazine.
The general content structure of a newspaper.
1)Front page
2)Other pages
3)An news item normally consist of:
(Photo/picture)
(Caption)
Headline
(Sub-headline)
By-line
(Time and ) date
(City and nation)
Lead
Body
End
7.What is news lead? What are direct lead and delayed lead?
News lead——
The first a few paragraphs which indicate the five Ws and an H (WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW ) of the news story.橄榄泡酒的功效和作用
Direct lead A direct lead tells readers the most important aspect of the story (the five Ws) in a direct and straightforward way, and is often ud in “hard news”.
红糖麻酱饼Delayed lead A delayed lead attracts readers by hinting the content of the story. It is usually found in new s features and other “soft stories” that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event.
论证角度A delayed lead usually ts a scene or evokes a mood with an incident, anecdote, or example.
8.What is the body structure of a news story? What are advantages of it?
Inverted pyramid (also called “inverted triangle”)
——The most important aspect of a story is higher up in the body of the story, while other information is written lower down in order of importance.
Advantages:
(1)Easy for journalists to write, since the structure is clear.
(2)Easy for editors to modify, since the lower parts are less important thus can be readily cut off if necessary.
(3)Easy for readers to grasp the main idea and decide whether to read on --- time is money!
9.What are the difference between tabloids and broadsheets? (at least four aspects)
①Tabloids：Headlines are typed in bold print and may extend across the whole page. They are often capitalized.
Broadsheets: Headlines usually only extend over two columns, the print tends to be smaller. Front page headlines, however, are sometimes an exception.
② Tabloids：Paragraphs are usually only a few lines long.
个人转正总结
Broadsheets: Paragraphs are longer so the reader has to concentrate for longer periods of time.
③ Tabloids：The typographical features are very varied: the first paragraph us larger print and is of
ten bold; the cond paragraph is slightly smaller, the third paragraph us standard print size. Initial letters are usually large.
Broadsheets:The typographical features are more standard. The same size of print is ud throughout except for headlines, strap lines and sub-headlines.
④ Tabloids：Punctuation is ud sparingly. Commas are often omitted after initial adverbials and between strings of adjectives. Inverted commas are ud to mark direct speech and to highlight key words.
Broadsheets: Punctuation is ud traditionally and more formally than in tabloids. Dashes are less frequent.
10.What are the main functions of mass communication for society?
⑴.Surveillance: facts and data;
⑵. Interpretation: information on the ultimate meaning and significance of news events;
⑶. Transmission of values: The mass media prent portrayals of our society and by watching, listening, and reading, we learn how people are suppod to act and what values are important;
⑷. Diversion:
①eking relief from boredom or the routine activities of everyday life; ②relaxation or escape from the pressures and problems of day to day existence;
③emotional relea of pent-up emotions and energy
⑸. Linkage: the media function that address our need to strengthen our contact with family, friends, and others in our society.
11.How to deal with new words in reading newspapers and magazines?
⑴. Try to find some help from the author
⑵. Try to find some help from word formation
⑶. Try to find some help from context and common knowledge
12. What is communication? What are the forms of communication?
Communication:
The process of sharing ideas, information, and messages with others in a particular time and place.
Forms of communication:杨德妹
Verbal communication, nonverbal communication, visual communication, electronic communication.
13.What is the code of ethics for journalists?
①Responsibility: Journalists should not u their professional status as reprentatives of the public for lfish or other unworthy motives.
②Freedom of the press: Journalists should be free from government control or censorship.
③Accuracy and objectivity:truth is the ultimate goal, objectivity in reporting the news is another goal.
14.What is journalism? What does the study of journalism include?
In a narrow n, journalism is the collection and periodical publishing of news. It includes writing for, editing, and managing such media as the newspaper and the periodical. In other words, it means gathering, evaluating, and disminating facts of current interest.
杨梅酒的保质期是多久
In a broad n, journalism is the gathering and transmission of news, business management of journals, and advertising in all its phas. And following the advent of radio and television, there was trend toward including all communication dealing with current affairs in the term of journalism.
15.What is the definition of news agency? What are the major news agencies in America and
Britain?
News agencies are organizations that collect, transmit, and distribute news to newspapers, periodicals, television, radio, and other journalistic and mass communications media.
the Associated Press (AP)美联社;
the United Press International (UPI)(合众国际社)
Reuters 路透社;
Agence France pres,(AFP)(法新社)
Xinhua News Agency,(新华社)
16.What are the benefits obtained via appreciating the language of English news?
Some benefits ——
⑴.Acquire latest information (90%)
⑵.Understand the fundamentals of English journalism
⑶.Know about the different styles of English newspapers and magazines
⑷.Improve one’s English competence
17.What is privacy? What actions can be regarded as invasion of privacy?
Privacy: The right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or tho of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information. Invasion of privacy
①A TV news crew hiding in a van outside your room and cretly taping your activities while you were inside.(But it’s a different story for public figures such as superstar and politicians.)
②A newspaper publishing private medical records that a person has a dreadful dia.
18.Give a brief account of the general communication process.
The sources encode information and nd it to the receivers through the channel, during this process the information will become a message with some nois. The receivers decode the message to get the information and then may become new sources.
Element in the communication Process:
A source
A process of encoding
A message
A channel
A process of decoding
A receiver
The potential for feedback
The chance of noi
19.What is Yellow Journalism？
Yellow Journalism, in short, is biad opinion masquerading as objective fact. Moreover, the practice of yellow journalism involved nsationalism, distorted stories, and misleading images for the sole purpo of boosting newspaper sales and exciting public opinion. It was particularly indicative of two papers founded and popularized in USA in the late 19th century: The New York World -- J. Pulitzer and The New York Journal -- W. R. Hearst.
20.What is hard news? What is soft news? How to distinguish between them?
Hard news generally refers to up-to-the-minute news and events that are reported promptly. Soft news is background information or human-interest stories, which appeal to people’s curiosity, sympathy, skepticism, or amazement.
Hard news vs. soft news:
1.Difference in the subject matter
Politics, war, economics and crime ud to be considered hard news, while arts, entertainment and lifestyles were considered soft news.
2.Blurring demarcation:
Is a story about the private life of a politician “politics”or “entertainment”? Is a article about the importance of investing early for retirement a “business”story or a “lifestyle”
story?
Judging solely on a subject matter, it can be difficult to tell.
3.The tone of prentation
直译与意译A hard news story takes a factual approach: What happened? Who was involved? Where and When did it happen? Why?
A soft news story tries instead to entertain or advi the reader. You may have come across
newspaper or TV stories that promid “News you will u”
1. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency 美国中央情报局)
2. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ⽯油输出国祖国)
