美国
第3章美国的起始
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3.1 复习笔记
I. What is an American?
1. A new race
2. Current situation
II. Two Immigration Movements
1. From Asia
2. From Europe and Africa
III. The Forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe
1. The growth of capitalism
2. The Renaissance
3. The Religious Reformation
IV. The Colonial Patterns
1. The Settlement in Virginia
2. Puritanism
3. Catholic Maryland
4. Quaker Pennsylvania
V. The American Revolution (The War of Independence)
1. The Caus
2. The Eve
3. The Process
4. The Major Leaders (The Founding Fathers)
5. The Significance
I. What is an American? （美国民族性）
世界十大名枪
1. A new race（新的民族）
(1) In 1782, the French farmer J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, who ttled in
Pennsylvania, first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2) He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of
Europeans or their descendants, and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones. Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and form new opinions.
The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.
装修工程施工方案(1) 赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族
性这一问题。
(2) 他提出：美国人是一种新型的人，来自欧洲各个种族的人已融成一个新的民族，美国人
抛弃了过去所有的偏见与习俗，接受了新的一套，按新的原则办事，吸取新的思想，形成新的见解。美国是民族大熔炉的思想源于德克雷夫克尔的说法。
2. Current situation（当前形势）
Such ethnic minorities as Afro-Americans and Asian immigrants have also been included in the American.
如今，美国还包括更多的少数民族，如非洲裔美国人、亚洲裔美国人等。
II. Two Immigration Movements（两次人口迁移运动）
1. From Asia（来自亚洲的人口迁移）
(1) Probably 25 000 years ago, Siberian tribes crosd over the Bering Strait to the Americas.
(2) Before the Europeans arrived, they developed three brilliant civilizations—the Aztecs, the Incas, and the Mayas.
(3) They were mistakenly called Indians by Columbus.
(1) 大约25000年以前，西伯利亚的部落越过白令海峡，到达美洲。
(2) 他们创造了辉煌文明，如阿兹台克文化、印加文化、玛雅文化。
(3) 哥伦布将他们错认为印度人。
2. From Europe and Africa（来自欧洲与非洲的人口迁移）
(1) It began with the expansion of Europe at the start of the modern period from
the 16th century.
(2) In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. In 1497, John Cabot arrived
玩具熊的
动漫女壁纸in today’ s Canada and the English king claimed that North Americ a belonged to England.
(1) 这次迁移始于16世纪欧洲扩张时期。
(2) 1492年，哥伦布发现美洲。1497年，约翰·卡伯特航行到达加拿大；英王根据他的报告
宣称北美大陆属英国所有。
III. The Forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe（欧洲现代发展的动力）1. The growth of capitalism（资本主义的发展）
(1) It produced the bourgeois class and the working class.
(2) The bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful, and wanted to have more power for free development.
(1) 资本主义的发展促成了两个新的阶级—资产阶级与工人阶级—的诞生。
(2) 资产阶级的力量不断增长，他们还希望拥有更大的权力，以实现自由发展。
2. The Renaissance（文艺复兴）
(1) It was marked by a changing outlook on life. That is to say, people showed more interest in the world about them.
(2) Many challenged the authority of the Bible.
(3) It pushed the progress in science and technology.
(1) 文艺复兴的显著特点是人们人生观的变化：人们更加关注个人在世的生活。
(2) 许多人开始挑战《圣经》的权威。
(3) 文艺复兴促进了科技的迅猛发展。
3. The Religious Reformation（宗教改革）
(1) Background（背景）
During the Middle Ages, Europe was under the single spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
中世纪时期，欧洲处于罗马天主教的单一精神权威统治之下。
(2) The main Reformation leaders（主要领导人物）
①Martin Luther held that the Pope had no right to ll “indulgences”.
②John Calvin’s doctrine, Calvinism, was followed by puritans in England.
③Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and t up the Church
of England.
①马丁·路德批判了教廷出售“赎罪券”的做法。
介绍中国的作文②约翰·加尔文的教义—加尔文主义在英国有许多追随者，即清教徒。
③亨利八世与罗马教廷决裂，成立了英国国教。
(3) The Characteristics of Protestantism（新教的特点）
①Challenging the authority of the Pope.
②Salvation through faith.
③Establishing a direct contact with God.
①挑战教皇的权威。
②通过信仰获得拯救。
③建立个人与上帝的直接联系。
(4) Similarities（相似之处）
①The reforms challenged the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.
②They reflected the ri of nationalism in Europe, reprented the demand of
关闭的英语the bourgeois class and expresd the desire of ordinary working people.
①这些改革都向教廷的权威性发起了挑战。
②反映了欧洲高涨的民族主义情绪，代表了资产阶级的要求，并表达了普通劳动者的愿
望。
IV. The Colonial Patterns（殖民地模式）代驾协议
1. The Settlement in Virginia（弗吉尼亚殖民地）
(1) The first English ttlement（第一个英国殖民地）
The first English permanent ttlement in North America was established in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was organized by the London Company.
1607年，在伦敦贸易公司组织下，第一个英国殖民地建于北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦。
(2) John Rolfe（约翰·罗尔夫）
①He introduced tobacco and yielded profits.
②His marriage with an Indian princess ended the hostility between the white
and Indians for some time.
①罗尔夫引进了烟草种植。
②罗尔夫与一位印第安公主的婚姻暂时结束了白人与印第安部落的敌对状况。
(3) Two Events in 1619（1619年的两件大事）
①The delegates elected from various communities met as the Hou of
Burgess. It was thought to be the brilliant example of lf-government of Americans.
②Some Negroes were bought to be held as rvants. It was a start toward the
enslavement of Africans.
