Social Rearch Methods
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社会研究方法导论
第一讲
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主要教材
六年级上册语文日积月累社会研究方法
——定性和定量的取向
劳伦斯·纽曼 著
郝大海 译
中国人民大学出版社
2007年01月
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英文版
Social Rearch Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (6th Edition) by W. Lawrence Neuman
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引进版
社会研究方法:定性研究与定量研究(第6版,英文版)(教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会推荐用书)
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参考教材
《社会研究方法》
The Practice of Social Rearch
by Earl Babbie
The 10th Edition
华夏出版社夜大学
2005年6月
The 10th Edition
2009年2月
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The Practice of Social Rearch动物科学专业就业前景
巴比 著
清华大学出版社
2007年7月
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参考教材
《社会研究方法教程》
袁方、王汉生主编
北京大学出版社
2004年1月
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为什么学习方法?
社会学家是这样一种人,他们注重以专业学科的方式来了解社会,而这种专业学科本质上
是科学的,这意味着对于自己研究的社会现象,社会学家的发现和论述都是在一个严格的参考框架内的。
——伯杰,《社会学入门》
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社会科学研究方法的特殊价值就在于提供探究事物的合乎逻辑和利于观察的方法。社会科学研究方法可以帮助我们越过个人的偏见,超越个人的眼界来看世界。这就是掌握着解决社会问题方案的“超然领域”。
在一个越来越压抑和觉醒的时代,我们不断地希望逃避现实的社会问题,而转向和自身利益有关的事物。社会科学研究提供了一个机会,让我们面对问题,并且体验如何改变世界。
——艾尔·巴比,《我们为什么要进行社会科学研究》
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什么是社会研究?
Social rearch A collection of methods and methodologies that rearchers apply systematically to produce scientifically bad knowledge about the social world.
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社会研究的替代方式
权威(Authority)
传统(Tradition)
常识(Common Sen)
媒体神话(Media Myths)
个人经验(Personal Experience)
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一个例子
问题:在家务劳动的性别分工中,为什么妇女倾向于洗衣服?
权威 专家说:当她们还是孩子时,女性就被教导着制作、挑选、缝补和清洗衣服,这些是女性注重外表、照顾孩子和其他家人的一部分。女人洗衣服是基于他们孩童时期的准备。
传统 女人已经洗了几个世纪的衣服,所以这是很长时间内都在发生的事情的延续
常识 男人不如女人注重服饰,所以女人更常洗衣服才说得过去
假期趣事
媒体 电视播放女人经常洗衣服,而且都很喜欢洗,她们洗衣服是因为她们认为洗衣服很有趣
个人经验 我母亲和我所有朋友的母亲都洗衣服。我的女性朋友都为他们的男友洗衣服,但是男性都不为女性洗。女人洗衣服是理所当然的。
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常见的认识论错误
过度概化(Overgeneralization):Statements that go far beyond what can be justified bad on the data or empirical obrvations that one has.
选择性观察(Selective Obrvation):Making obrvations in a way that it reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than obrving in a neutral and balanced manner.
过早妄下断语(Premature Closure):Making a judgment, or reaching a decision and ending an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards.
光环效应(Halo Effect):Allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than evaluating all in a neutral, equal manner.
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非确切观察(Inaccurate obrvations): mistakenly obrving something that isn’t so.
非逻辑推理(Illogical Reasoning): prematurely jumping to conclusions or arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions, e.g. gambler’s fallacy.
东园载酒西园醉The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the fal belief that if deviations from expected behavior are obrved in repeated independent trials of some random process then the deviations are likely to be evened out by opposite deviations in the future. For example, if a fair coin is tosd repeatedly and tails comes up a larger number of times than is expected, a gambler may incorrectly believe that this means that heads is more likely in future toss.[1] Such an event is often referred to as being "due". This is an informal fallacy.
吃红枣有什么好处
The gambler's fallacy implicitly involves an asrtion of negative correlation between trials of the random process and therefore involves a denial of the exchangeability of outcomes of the random process.
The inver gambler's fallacy is the belief that an unlikely outcome of a random process (such as rolling double sixes on a pair of dice) implies that the process is likely to have occurred many times before reaching that outcome.
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An Example
People come to different conclusions about the social world for another reason: It’s easy to make errors in logic, particularly when we are analyzing the social world, in which we ourlves are conscious participants. We can call some of the errors “everyday errors” becau they occur so frequently in the nonscientific, unreflective conversations that we hear on a daily basis.