翻译理论1
所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等于再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。)
3. 翻译是一个笼统的概念，可以有不同的角度分成多种类型：
首先，就所涉及的语言而言，可以分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)，指同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译；另一种为语际翻译(interlingual translation)，指不同语言之间的翻译活动。我们常说的翻译，包括我们本教程所谈论的翻译，都是指语际翻译。
第二，就其活动方式而言，翻译可分为口译(interpretation)和笔译(translation)两类。口译一般指口头翻译，其基本方式有两种：一是连续传译(concutive interpretation)，又称即席翻译；二是同声传译(simultaneous interpretation)。笔译就是笔头翻译，多用于社会科学，科学技术和文学艺术等文献资料的翻译。
第三，就翻译材料的文体而言，翻译可分为应用文体，科技文体，论述文体，新闻文体和艺术文体五大类。
第四，就处理方式而言，翻译可分为全译，节译，摘译，编译和译述等类。
4. Translation is an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language. It is no easy job, not so easy as it is suppod. Do not think that any one who knows a foreign language, say English, can invariably translate and translate well. No, not at all. Many can speak and write English well, but they cannot translate. And this difficulty is greatly multiplied by the wide difference in vocabulary and ntence construction between the Oriental and Occidental languages.
5. English and Chine are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the one hand, there are some similarities between the two languages, as in the word order of subject and predicate and that of transitive verb and object. On the other hand, there are lots of dissimilarities between them both in morphology and in syntax. Becau of this, we have to be familiar with both languages, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary, grammatical relations and ntence construction between the two languages.
6. I’ll e the children home tonight.
The stupidity of his behavior was brought home to him.东莞欢笑天地
Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.
Much is produced here for home market.
He was born in England, but he now looks on Paris as his home.
He’s at home with the classics.
Is our next football match at home or away?
Mrs. Hill is not at home to everyone except relatives.
She did not feel at home in such a splendid hou.
借问酒家何处有的下一句
The control level should be turned to its home position in time.
The screw on the end cap must be driven home.
The plane homed to its carrier under the guide of electronic navigation system.
7. ①严复:信(faithfulness) 达(expressiveness) 雅(elegance)
黄龙：信：忠实于原文内容。
达：标准汉语，通俗易懂。
雅：译文的美学价值（修辞，文体，韵律，诗意。）
刘重德:信(faithfulness)达(expressiveness)切(cloness)鲁迅：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两个方面，一是其易解，二是保存着原作的风姿。”
傅雷：“神似”——similarity in spirit.
黑枸杞的功效和用法
框的组词钱钟书：“化境”——sublimation
②Alexander F. Tytler:
A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
一个人的名字
The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
A translation should have all the ea of the original work.
③目前西方最流行的标准：
等值：equivalent value
等效：equivalent effect
功能对等：functional equivalence
8. 关于when
When the lady ticket-ll saw me, her otherwi attractive face turned sour, violently so.
当女售票员看见我时，她那在其他情况下还挺妩媚的面孔突然变色，变得怒气冲冲。那售货员一见到我，原本颇为动人的面孔刷得一沉，变得煞是难看。
At Eton the boys stand in a cluster and lift their hats when their names are called.
在伊顿，学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到的时候，就举举帽子。
在伊顿，学生们站在一起，叫道名字就举举帽子。
I had scarcely pasd my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations…
昂刺鱼怎么做好吃我进入令人头痛的考试区域时，刚过了十二岁生日…
我刚过了十二岁生日，就步入了令人头痛的考试区域。
9. 关于同位语
由于他的决定，我给及时地编入了四年级(也即最低年级)的三班(也即最低一班).
由于他的决定，我给及时地编入了四年级三班，也就是最低年级的最低一班。
In conquence of his decision, I was in due cour placed in the third, or lowest, division of the Fourth, or bottom, Form.
10. 关于主语要突出句子的主要信息问题
…到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余条艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。
By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and-sized vesls.健康反义词
我看《21世纪报》很吃力，你呢？
My English is not good enough to read English newspaper The 21 Century. What about you?
他只要听到几句恭维的话就会得意忘形。
A little flattery would get him carried away.
你的教学科研都取得了长足的进步，但不能因此而骄傲自满。
交通安全设施You have made good progress in teaching and rearch, but you should not get conceited and arrogant.
11. 关于“关于…”
关于她的家庭我一无所知
As for her family, I knew nothing about it.
I knew nothing about her family.
凡是已经发现了的错误，我们都已经采取了或正在采取纠正的步骤。没有发现的，我们就准备纠正。
With regard to all the mistakes having been discovered, steps have been or are being taken to correct them. As for tho not yet discovered, they will be corrected as soon as they come to light.
We are taking or having taken steps to correct all the mistakes discovered, and we are ready to correct tho not yet discovered as soon as they come to light.
12. 长主题问题：
在这座大城市行路难，乘车难已成为一个突出的社会问题。
