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Labor Market Reform and Urban Married Women’s Labor Supply in China during 1993-2006: Have Women’s Wage Elasticities Changed during China’s Transition to a Free
减刑假释Market Economy?
* Chung-Ping A. Loh, Mary Beal-Hodges and Harriet Stranahan**
Abstract:China’s labor market has undergone significant change since the early 1990’s when the urban labor market was governed by the communist party in a command and control system where both jobs and wages were t by a centralized employment placement system. During the 1990’s China began adopting a more market-oriented model culminating in a major labor market restructuring. Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), our study provides new evidence on the labor supply of married women in urban areas during China’s period of economic reform. As a more market-oriented system is implemented we find evidence that educational attainment is an important predictor of how women labor supply has changed in respon to rising real wages. The results show that wage elasticity differs across educational categories and in some instances ems to have rin throughout the transition, possibly signaling greater flexibility in the labor market. In addition, more educated wome
n are choosing to work fewer hours in later years yet participate in the labor market at much higher rates than women with lower levels of education.
头发油腻怎么解决* We thank the China Health and Nutrition Survey, funded by NIH (R01-HD30880, DK056350 & R01-HD38700), and the Carolina Population Center and the Chine CDC for providing the data.
悻悻离去**Chung-PingA.Loh,DepartmentofEconomics&Geography,UniversityofNorthFlorida.Email:************.
MaryBeal-Hodges,DepartmentofEconomics&Geography,UniversityofNorthFlorida.Email:**************.
HarrietStranahan,DepartmentofEconomics&Geography,UniversityofNorthFlorida.Email:****************.
2Chung-Ping A. Loh, Mary Beal-Hodges and Harriet Stranahan
Keywords: Labor Supply, China, Women
JEL Classification: J16 J30 O53
童年的记忆作文1 Introduction
妈妈的爱图片
China’s labor market has undergone significant change over the past three decades since the beginning of the economic reforms and the opening up of the economy in 1978. Prior to reform, the labor market was a highly centralized bureaucracy where jobs and wages were allocated by a highly structured employment placement system. In urban areas both men and women had high rates of labor force participation in full time work for state-owned enterpris that also provided a worker safety net. In addition to stable employment, firms would often provide educational opportunities, healthcare, retirement, housing and childcare. In the mid 1990’s, China’s governing authority transitioned to a capitalist model that supported largely profit-oriented private and profitable state-owned enterpris. The reforms culminated in massive layoffs and high rates of unemployment in the late 1990’s (Li and Zax, 2002). The transition toward a more capitalist model not only impacted the Chine aggregate labor economy, but it also affected the working lives and labor market decisions of China’s men and women. This study focus on women’s labor outcomes during China’s economic conversion from a highly centralized system to a much more competitive business environment. Our analysis provides new evidence on women’s hours of work and workforce participation over the cour of China’s labor market transition.
Our study utilizes five waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1993 and 2006 t简单封面画
o better understand married women’s labor supply in urban China during the transition years. Specifically, we attempt to evaluate how married women with different educational attainment respond to a sharp ri in wages in a rapidly changing labor market. Through analysis of sub-periods, we also ek to find evidence of this transition in married women’s labor supply. This study us a three-step method to estimate a lection bias corrected wage equation along with an hours worked equation that accounts for the endogeneity of wages. In addition, random effect and fixed effect estimations are ud to asss the importance of unobrved heterogeneity.
趣味英语课堂
2 A Brief History of the Labor Market in China
During the past two decades, China’s economy has undergone tremendous
3Labor Market Reform and Urban Married Women’s Labor Supply in China during 1993-2006: Have Women’s Wage Elasticities Changed during China’s Transition to a Free Market Economy?change as, it has moved toward a more profit driven capitalist structure. Prior to reform, a large portion of production was centrally governed and concentrated in urban areas. Workers were given little leeway to choo their jobs or change their employers. For some urban workers, this time may be fondly remembered as the “iron rice bowl” becau their jobs at state-owned enterpris came with extended support from their employers “cradle to grave”.
The command and control system fully integrated women into the urban working environment; China had among the highest rates of labor force participation for women and the Labor Law of the People’s Republic, pasd in the mid 1990’s formally established women’s labor rights. Except for a few lect state jobs, the policies gave women the right to equal jobs, working conditions and wages, although there are evidences that wages and job opportunities were inferior to men’s (Cooke, 2001; Du and Dong, 2008).
Before 1993 major reforms targeted improvements in worker productivity and labor market flexibility at state-owned enterpris and fostered new foreign private investment and joint ventures which incread economy wide competition. As significant as the changes were, few state-owned firms reformed their employment policies and lay-offs were rare.面积单位换算公式大全
Economic reforms in the mid 1990’s greatly impacted urban labor markets in China when new ownership reforms reduced or eliminated subsidies to many of the state-owned enterpris forcing managers to radically alter their employment policies. The Chine government maintained control of only the largest, most profitable state-owned enterpris, while all others were merged, privatized or allowed to go bankrupt (Dong and Xu, 2009).Unemployment ro rapidly as state-owned enterpris laid-off millions of workers after more draconian reforms were instituted in late 1997. To h
elp mitigate the effects of rising unemployment, the central authority instituted “xiagang” policies that retrained or forced workers into early retirement (Wong and Ngok, 2006).
In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s public ctor enterpris declined in size and number while more profit oriented private ctor investments and joint ventures expanded. Production moved from large capital intensive firms to smaller private export oriented firms that produced light industrial goods. Becau workers were allowed to quit their current employer to ek better jobs, for some, restructuring incread labor mobility and opened up new opportunities. For other workers, incread market competition resulted in high rates of unemployment, lower wages and fewer job opportunities.
Evidence suggests that women may have been more adverly affected than men during this major labor market reallocation (Peng et al., 2009). For one reason, working mothers benefit more than men from employer provided
