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1.1 The Concept of International Trade国际贸易的观念
International trade is the exchange of goods and rvices produced in one country for tho produced in another country. In most cas countries do not trade the actual the goods and rvices. Rather they u the income or money from the sale of their products to buy the products of another country.
1.2 Introduction to International Payments and Settlements
International payments and ttlements are financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to clear relations of debts.
国际支付与结算是指为清偿国际间的债权债务关系或跨国转移资金而发生在不同国家之间的货币收付活动。
1.2 categories(分类)
(1)、According to the cau of international ttlement International trade ttlement(国际贸易结算撕纸粘贴画)
International trade ttlement is created on the basis of sales of commodities.
国际贸易结算是指有形贸易活动（即由商品的进出口）引起的货币收付活动.（主要形式）甲骨文合集 International non-trade ttlement (国际非贸易结算)
invisible trade无形交易 financial transaction电脑配置检测金融业务 payment between governments政府间的款项 others 其他业务
(2)、According to whether cash is ud Cash ttlement(现金结算)
International payments is effected by shipping precious metals taking the form of coins, bars or bullions to or from the trading countries. Non-cash ttlement(非现金结算)
International payment is ttled by way of transferring funds through the accounts opened in the banks.
Four major clearing systems in the world(四大清算系统)
2.1 SWIFT(Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication)
SWIFT is a rvice organization established to meet a number of specialized rvice needs relating to interbank financial communications through a dedicated data processing and telecommunication system.
Membership 会员制 Low expens 低费用 Security 安全性 Standardid 标准化
2.2 CHIPS(The Clearing Hou Interbank Payment System).关于家风的名言纽约清算所同业支付系统 2.3 CHAPS（Clearing Hou Automated Payment System）伦敦银行同业自动支付系统 2.4 TATGET（Trans-European Automated Real-Time Gross-Settlement Express Transfer）
泛欧实时全额自动清算系统
3.1 Correspondent Bank代理银行
Correspondent banking is an arrangement under which one bank (correspondent) hold
s deposits owned by other banks (respondents) and provides payment and other rvices to tho respondent banks. Such arrangements may also be known as agency relationships in some domestic contexts.是接受其他国家或地区的银行委托，代办国际结算业务或提供其他服务，并建立相互代理业务关系的银行。
2 。Establishment of a correspondent bank
名富Control documents可控制的文件
Correspondent arrangement建立代理关系
Specimen of authorized signatures 印鉴，是银行有权签字人的签字式样。
Telegraphic test key/SWIFT authentic key密押是用于识别银行电讯文件的数字密码。 Schedule of terms and conditions 费率表是银行在办理业务时收费的依据。
Credit Instruments for four四种常用于国际结算的信用票据
Negotiable instrument可转让的票据
Negotiable instrument, also known as credit instrument, is an unconditional order or promi to pay a certain amount of money. It can easily be transferable. Functions (票据的功能)
As a means of payment; 付款方式 As a credit instrument; 信用票据
As a means of finance. 金融工具 As a transferable instrument;可转让的票据
Bill of Exchange汇票
A bill of exchange is defined officially as an unconditional order in writing , addresd by one person to another, signed by the first person, requiring the cond person to whom it is addresd to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a certain amount of money, to, or to the order of, a specified person or to the bearer.
无条件的 书面命令 汇票是由一个人 (drawer)向另一个人(drawee)签发的，要求受票人见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的时间(tenor)将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或其指定人，或持票人(payee)。
Esntials of a bill of exchange绝对必要事项：
Such words as “bill of exchange”exchange; draft or so 书面写有汇票字样以选择为话题的作文600字
An unconditional order in writing 无条件的支付命令
name and address of the drawee (addre payer)付款人名字和地址signature or stamp of the drawer 出票人的签名和盖章 开立的日期
About some dollars 确定的金额
name or business entity of the payee 收款人的名字或商务实体
Acts of a bill of exchange 汇票的票据行为 Issue/draw（出票） 江南逢李龟年翻译
draw and sign a draft 出票人写汇票并且签字
2、deliver it to the payee出票人将汇票交付给收款人 Endorment（背书） 安邑
When the holder of a draft wants to transfer or pass its title to another person, he should sign on the back of the draft and deliver it to the endore. It‟s an act of negotiation.
（1）背书人不再是票据的持票人，需向其后手承担担保承兑和付款的责任。
